亮氨酸或组氨酸通过哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白信号通路影响奶牛乳腺上皮细胞中酪蛋白的合成

本试验以永生化奶牛乳腺上皮细胞系为模型,单一添加不同浓度的亮氨酸或组氨酸,检测酪蛋白和哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)信号通路相关基因的表达,旨在探讨亮氨酸和组氨酸通过mTOR信号通路影响酪蛋白合成的机制。以厄尔平衡溶液代替培养基,并设其为阴性对照,单一添加不同浓度的亮氨酸或组氨酸,分别采用噻唑蓝(MTT)比色法检测永生化奶牛乳腺上皮细胞12和24h的增殖;运用实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)检测4个酪蛋白编码基因和8个mTOR信号通路相关基因mRNA表达量。结果表明:分别添加不同浓度亮氨酸或组氨酸12和24h,细胞增殖趋势一致;与阴性对照组相比,分别添加0.15~5.40mmol/L亮氨酸或0.15~9.60mmol/L组氨酸,永生化奶牛乳腺上皮细胞的数量均增加。与阴性对照组相比,当分别添加0.45~10.80mmol/L亮氨酸6h时,αs1-酪蛋白(CSN1S1)、αs2-酪蛋白(CSN1S2)和κ-酪蛋白(CSN3)基因表达均显著上调(P0.05)。当添加0.15~4.80mmol/L组氨酸6h时,CSN1S1、β-酪蛋白(CSN2)和CSN3基因表达均显著上调(P0.05)。在试验组中,当亮氨酸浓度为1.35mmol/L时,mTOR信号通路相关基因mTOR、mTOR调控蛋白(raptor)、mTOR复合物1中的绑定蛋白(GβL)、信号下游因子真核翻译起始因子4E结合蛋白1(4EBP1)和真核细胞翻译延伸因子2(eEF2)基因表达量最高。而核糖体S6蛋白激酶(S6K1)基因的表达量随着亮氨酸浓度的增加而减少。当添加组氨酸时,下游信号因子4EBP1、eEF2、真核翻译起始因子4E(EIF4E)和核糖体蛋白S6(rps6)基因的表达量随着组氨酸浓度的增加而增加,mTOR基因的表达量随着组氨酸浓度的增加而减少。在试验组中,GβL的表达量在组氨酸的浓度达到4.80mmol/L时最高;S6K1基因表达量在组氨酸的浓度达到1.20mmol/L时最高。综上所述,在乳腺上皮细胞中,亮氨酸和组氨酸能通过mTOR信号通路促进酪蛋白合成相关基因的表达。     

mTOR Signaling Pathway and Its Regulation on Growth and Development

The mammalian target of rapamycin （mTOR） signaling pathway is evolutionarily conserved, mTOR can integrate and converge a wide range of signals, including intracellular and extracellular nutrients, growth factors, energy and stress conditions, and has a crucial role in the vertebrate growth control. This review analyzed the main components and regulated factors of TOR signaling pathway, explained functions and mechanisms of roTOR during the individual growth, the development and its dynamic role, revealed its additional functions beyond the cell growth control, and finally reviewed the tissue specificity and time specificity of mTOR signaling pathway, and its regulation on sexual differentiation, tissue differentiation and organogenesis in the individual development.     

乳蛋白合成信号通路的研究进展

作者综述了乳蛋白合成信号通路JAK-STAT和mTOR的组成、在合成乳蛋白中的作用和机理,以及激素等对乳蛋白合成信号通路的刺激调控,对近年来JAK-STAT和mTOR通路的相关研究进展进行了综述,为乳蛋白合成信号通路的整体性把握和深入研究奠定了基础。     

Crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis induced by Rip2 and its mechanisms in human pancreatic cancer cells

AIM To investigate the crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis caused by receptor-interacting protein 2 (Rip2) and its underling mechanisms in human pancreatic cancer cells. METHODS Plasmids (pEGFP-C2 and pEGFP-Rip2) were transfected into human pancreatic cancer Panc-1 cells by jetPRIME method. The Panc-1 cells transfected with pEGFP-Rip2 were treated with 3-methyladenine (3-MA), an autophagy inhibitor. The apoptotic rate was analyzed by flow cytometry. The levels of apoptosis-associated proteins were measured by Western blot. The activity of caspase-8, -9 and -3 was examined by colorimetric method. Moreover, the Panc-1 cells transfected with pEGFP-Rip2 were treated with Z-VAD-FMK, a broad inhibitor of caspases. Subsequently, the levels of autophagy- and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway-related proteins were assessed by Western blot. The autophagosomes were observed under transmission electron microscope. RESULTS (1) The apoptotic rate in pEGFP-Rip2 group markedly increased as compared with control group and pEGFP-C2 group, while the apoptotic rate in pEGFP-Rip2+3-MA group was further elevated compared with pEGFP-Rip2 group (P<0.05). Meanwhile, the protein levels of Fas, Bax and cytoplasmic cytochrome c (Cyt-c) were significantly increased, and the protein expression of Bcl-2 was markedly reduced in pEGFP-Rip2+3-MA group as compared with pEGFP-Rip2 group (P<0.05). The activity of caspase-8, -9 and -3 in pEGFP-Rip2+3-MA group was higher than that in pEGFP-Rip2 group. (2) The protein expression of beclin-1 and LC3-Ⅱ was significantly increased and more accumulated autophagosomes were observed under transmission electron microscope in pEGFP-Rip2+Z-VAD-FMK group as compared with pEGFP-Rip2 group. Furthermore, the protein levels of p-mTOR and p-Akt in pEGFP-Rip2+Z-VAD-FMK group were markedly reduced compared with pEGFP-Rip2 group, while no significant difference of mTOR and Akt protein expression was found between the 2 groups. CONCLUSION Inhibition of autophagy promotes apoptosis induced by Rip2 in the pancreatic cancer cells. Its mechanism may be associated with the further activation of the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways. Suppression of apoptosis accelerates autophagy induced by Rip2 in the pancreatic cancer cells, and the mechanism may be related to the further down-regulation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways. There is a mutual antagonistic effect between autophagy and apoptosis caused by Rip2 in pancreatic cancer cells.     

Effect of glucagon-like peptide 1 on Sesn2/AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway in liver of obese rats induced by high-fat diet

AIM: To explored the effect of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist liraglutide on Sesn2/AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway in the liver of obese rats.METHODS: Male SD rats were divided into normal chow (NC) group (n=12) and high-fat diet (HF) group (n=33). After 12 weeks, 5 rats of each group were used to assess establishment of obese rat model. The rats in HF group were divided into 4 subgroups, HF group, low dose of liraglutide (LG) group, middle dose of liraglutide (MG) group, and high dose of liraglutide (HG) group, and treated with various doses of liraglutide (0, 50, 100 and 200 μg/kg) via hypodermic injection twice a day for 4 weeks. The body weight and epididymal fat index of the rats at the 16th week were measured. The liver tissue fatty degeneration was observed. The protein levels of Sesn2, AMPK, p-AMPK, mTOR and p-mTOR were determined by Western blot.RESULTS: The body weight of rats in HF group was obviously higher than that in NC group (P<0.01). Compared with NC group, the levels of Sesn2 and p-AMPK/AMPK were significantly decreased in HF group (P<0.01), while the level of p-mTOR/mTOR was not changed. After treatment with liraglutide for 4-week, the body weight of the rats in LG, MG and HG groups was obviously lower than that in HF group (P<0.01), and epididymal fat index of the rats in MG and HG groups was obviously lower than that in HF group (P<0.01). The protein level of Sesn2 in HG group was obviously higher than that in HF group (P<0.01). The level of p-AMPK/AMPK was significantly increased in MG and HG groups (P<0.01). The level of p-mTOR/mTOR was significantly increased decreased in LG, MG and HG groups (P<0.01).CONCLUSION: Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist liraglutide affects energy metabolism and improves the state of obesity through Sesn2/AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway.     

组氨酸对体外培养奶牛乳腺上皮细胞β-酪蛋白及酪氨酸激酶2-信号转导与转录激活子5/哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白信号通路相关磷酸化蛋白表达的影响

本试验旨在研究不同浓度的组氨酸对体外培养奶牛乳腺上皮细胞β-酪蛋白及酪氨酸激酶2(JAK2)-信号转导与转录激活子5(STAT5)/哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(m TOR)信号通路相关磷酸化蛋白表达的影响。将原代奶牛乳腺上皮细胞进行体外培养,分为对照组和7个试验组,采用无必需氨基酸的培养基,对照组不添加组氨酸,试验组是在对照组基础上分别添加0.15、0.60、1.20、2.40、4.80、9.60、19.20 mmol/L的组氨酸。采用噻唑蓝比色法检测原代奶牛乳腺上皮细胞12 h增殖情况;运用蛋白质免疫印迹检测β-酪蛋白和8个信号通路相关磷酸化蛋白表达。结果表明:1)当组氨酸浓度为0.15~9.60 mmol/L时,与对照组相比,奶牛乳腺上皮细胞数量均增加。2)β-酪蛋白表达量随组氨酸浓度的增加出现先升高后降低的趋势,但试验组均极显著高于对照组(P0.01)。3)与对照组相比,组氨酸的添加可极显著促进各信号通路相关磷酸化蛋白的表达(P0.01);试验组中,随着组氨酸浓度的升高,磷酸化哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白[P-m TOR(Ser2481)]和磷酸化真核细胞翻译延伸因子2[P-e EF2(Thr56)]蛋白的表达量下降,而磷酸化核糖体S6蛋白激酶1[P-S6K1(Thr389)]的蛋白表达增加;当组氨酸浓度为2.40 mmol/L时,磷酸化酪氨酸激酶2[P-JAK2(Tyr1007/1008)]、磷酸化真核细胞始动因子4E结合蛋白1[P-4EBP1(Thr37)]和磷酸化真核细胞起始因子2α[P-e IF2α(Ser51)]蛋白的表达量最高,磷酸化信号转导与转录激活子5[P-STAT5(Tyr694)]、磷酸化m TOR调控蛋白[P-raptor(Ser863)]和m TOR复合物1中的绑定蛋白(GβL)蛋白在组氨酸浓度为9.60 mmol/L时表达量最高。综合可知,组氨酸的添加可通过促进JAK2-STAT5信号通路中P-JAK2(Tyr1007/1008)和PSTAT5(Tyr694)蛋白的表达来进而调控β-酪蛋白表达。最适浓度(0.15~9.60 mmol/L)范围内的组氨酸还可通过m TORC1的P-raptor(Ser863)蛋白作用于下游靶点P-4EBP1(Thr37)来促进β-酪蛋白表达,最终调控乳蛋白合成。     

过瘤胃保护性亮氨酸对绵羊骨骼肌哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)信号传导通路关键因子的影响

本试验旨在研究过瘤胃保护性亮氨酸对绵羊骨骼肌哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)信号传导通路中2个关键因子4E-BP1及p70S6K磷酸化的影响.试验选取绵羊12只,随机分为4组(每组3个重复,每个重复1只羊),分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加0(对照组)、0.5、1.0和1.5 g/d过瘤胃保护性亮氨酸的饲粮.15 d后,将绵...     

Marsdenia tenacissima extract inhibits viability and induces apoptosis of melanoma cells via regulating PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway

AIM:To evaluate the effects of Marsdenia tenacissima extract (MTE) on the viability and apoptosis of mouse skin melanoma cell line B16-F10. METHODS:B16-F10 cells were treated with MTE at different doses for 24 h or at different doses for different time, and the cell viability was measured by MTT assay. The apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry. The protein levels were determined by Western blot. Meanwhile, the cells were treated with insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and the protein levels were measured again. RESULTS:The cells were treated with MTE for 72 h for further study according to the results of pre-experiments. MTE at 100 and 200 mg/L inhibited the viability of B16-F10 cells and decreased the protein expression of Ki67 and PCNA significantly. MTE induced the apoptosis of B16-F10 cells as demonstrated by increasing cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved caspase-9. Meanwhile, MTE down-regulated the protein levels of p-PI3K, p-AKT and mTOR. In addition, IGF-1, the activator of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, alleviated the effects of MTE on the viability and apoptosis markedly. CONCLUSION:MTE inhibits the viability and induces the apoptosis of melanoma cells by down-regulating PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.     

PI3K/mTOR dual inhibitor PF-04691502 induces apoptosis of human gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells

AIM:To determine the antitumor effect of PF-04691502, a dual inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), on the viability and apoptosis of human gastric cancer cell line SGC-7901.METHODS:Cell viability was analyzed by MTT assay. Cell cycle was detected by flow cytometry, and Annexin V-FITC/PI dual staining was used to detect cell apoptosis. Protein expression of p21, cyclin D1, caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) was determined by Western blotting. RESULTS:MTT assay and cell cycle analysis results indicated that PF-04691502 inhibited the viability of SGC-7901 cells in a dose-dependent manner, and arrested the cells in G1 phase. PF-04691502 down-regulated the expression of cyclin D1 and up-regulated the expression of p21. In addition, SGC-7901 cells treated with PF-04691502 showed typical characteristics of apoptosis, accompanied by activation of caspases and cleavage of PARP. CONCLUSION: The PI3K/mTOR dual inhibitor PF-04691502 induces the apoptosis and inhibited the growth of SGC-7901 cells, implicating its potential therapeutic value for the treatment of cancer.     

6″-Debromohamacanthin A,a Bis (Indole) Alkaloid,Inhibits Angiogenesis by Targeting the VEGFR2-Mediated PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathways

Hamacanthins, bis (indole) alkaloids, are found in a few marine sponges, including Spongosorites sp. Hamacanthins have been shown to possess cytotoxic, antibacterial and antifungal activities. However, the precise mechanism for the biological activities of hamacanthins has not yet been elucidated. In the present study, the anti-angiogenic effects of 6″-debromohamacanthin A (DBHA), an active component of isolated hamacanthins, were evaluated in cultured human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVEC) and endothelial-like cells differentiated from mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells. DBHA significantly inhibited vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced cell proliferation, migration and tube formation in the HUVEC. DBHA also suppressed the capillary-like structure formation and the expression of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM), an endothelial biomarker, in mES cell-derived endothelial-like cells. To further understand the precise molecular mechanism of action, VEGF-mediated signaling pathways were analyzed in HUVEC cells and mES cell-derived endothelial-like cells. DBHA suppressed the VEGF-induced expression of MAPKs (p38, ERK and SAPK/JNK) and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. In addition, DBHA inhibited microvessel sprouting in mES/EB-derived embryoid bodies. In an ex vivo model, DBHA also suppressed the microvessel sprouting of mouse aortic rings. The findings suggest for the first time that DBHA inhibits angiogenesis by targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2)-mediated PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in endothelial cells.