基于响应面法的马铃薯分选机参数优化及试验*

为减少马铃薯在分选过程中的跌落损伤,探讨分选机的工作条件对马铃薯跌落损伤的影响,以“荷兰15”马铃薯为试验材料,以马铃薯分选机的输送速度、剔除力、马铃薯的下落高度和含水率为试验因素,以马铃薯的跌落损伤等级为响应值,进行二次回归正交旋转试验,通过Design-Expert 8.0.6软件对试验结果畸形方差分析,并通过响应面探究各试验因素对马铃薯的跌落损伤等级的影响规律,确定马铃薯分选机的最佳工作参数。跌落试验结果表明:对马铃薯跌落损伤等级的影响程度主次顺序为马铃薯含水率、下落高度、输送速度、剔除力。当马铃薯输送速度为0.3 m/s,剔除力为15 N,下落高度为45 cm,含水率为75.36%时,在该参数组合下分选机对马铃薯跌落损伤等级最小。试验所得马铃薯的实际跌落损伤等级为0.84,该结果与马铃薯跌落损伤预测等级具有良好的拟合性。     

农田残膜机械回收膜土分离装置设计与试验

在我国南方农田残膜回收作业过程中,因土壤粘性强导致残膜夹带土壤多,残膜极易缠绕在机具上,影响机具正常工作。针对该问题设计了一种膜土分离装置,该装置主要由挑膜弹齿、滚筒和凸轮压板机构组成,可在挑膜过程中去除膜上表层土壤并在送膜过程中去除膜下土壤,通过试验分析得到影响膜土分离的主要因素为机具前进速度、挑膜转速和滚筒安装倾角。确定以上述三个因素为试验因素,以含土率和缠膜率为响应值,进行三因素三水平响应面试验。利用Desige-Expert软件建立各因素与缠膜率、含土率的回归模型,分析各因素对回收效率的影响,结果表明,各因素对含土率的显著性顺序为：机具前进速度＞挑膜转速＞滚筒安装倾角;对缠膜率的显著性顺序为：滚筒安装倾角＞挑膜转速＞机具前进速度;同时,对试验因素进行优化,得到因素的最佳组合为：机具前进速度为1.12 m·s^-1 ,挑膜转速为92.00 r·min-1,滚筒安装倾角为17.00°,此时的含土率为13.00%,缠膜率为1.70%。通过土槽模拟试验,设置上述最佳工作参数组合,得到含土率为13.45%,缠膜率为1.78%,验证结果与模型优化结果相对误差都小于5%。该膜土分离装置可以解决南方粘性土壤膜土分离困难、残膜率高的问题,为后续膜土分离装置及残膜回收机的设计与优化提供参考。     

罗氏沼虾育苗循环水处理技术与模式

将育苗用水经消毒及沉淀处理后作为试验基础用水,应用泡沫分离器、经预处理的生物滤器和紫外线消毒器等处理罗氏沼虾育苗循环水,使水质得到了有效控制。试验期间,对照池以大量换水及用药等传统方式维持水质,而试验池未曾用药和换水,较对照池节约水67.5%;试验池主要水质指标变化范围如下:NH3 Nm:0～0.010mg·L-1,NO2- N:0.01～0.63mg·L-1,pH:7.48～8.37,CODMn:5.42～12.25mg·L-1,细菌总数:(4.2～130)×103cell·mL-1,弧菌数:(0.2～20)×102cell·mL-1;试验组出苗率为40%,高出对照组33.3%。生产性育苗试验中,试验池与对照池均获得了30%的出苗率。据试验结果及罗氏沼虾育苗特点,提出了处理罗氏沼虾育苗循环水的技术与模式。     

高密度纤维板数控雕刻加工工艺研究

本文以高密度纤维板为原料,采用正交试验探究雕刻工艺对产品质量的影响,得到在该试验水平范围内最优雕刻工艺参数:主轴转速为24000 r·min-1,路径间距为0.20 mm,加工速度为6000 mm·min-1.为数控雕刻在高密度纤维板上应用提供了参考和技术支撑.     

Horizontal transmission dynamics of White spot syndrome virus by cohabitation trials in juvenile Penaeus monodon and P. vannamei

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV), a rod-shaped double-stranded DNA virus, is an infectious agent causing fatal disease in shrimp farming around the globe. Within shrimp populations WSSV is transmitted very fast, however, the modes and dynamics of transmission of this virus are not well understood. In the current study the dynamics of disease transmission of WSSV were investigated in small, closed populations of Penaeus monodon and Penaeus vannamei. Pair cohabitation experiments using PCR as a readout for virus infection were used to estimate transmission parameters for WSSV in these two species. The mortality rate of contact-infected shrimp in P. monodon was higher than the rate in P. vannamei. The transmission rate parameters for WSSV were not different between the two species. The relative contribution of direct and indirect transmission rates of WSSV differed between the two species. For P. vannamei the direct contact transmission rate of WSSV was significantly lower than the indirect environmental transmission rate, but for P. monodon, the opposite was found. The reproduction ratio R₀ for WSSV for these two species of shrimp was estimated to be above one: 2.07 (95%CI 1.53, 2.79) for P. monodon and 1.51 (95%CI 1.12, 2.03) for P. vannamei. The difference in R₀ between the two species is due to a lower host mortality and hence a longer infectious period of WSSV in P. monodon.     

Erythrocyte Osmotic Fragility and Hematological Responses of Horses Administered Ascorbic Acid and Exposed to Road Transportation

The experiment was performed to evaluate the ameliorative effect of ascorbic acid (AA) on some hematological parameters and erythrocyte osmotic fragility (EOF) in horses transported by road. A total of 14 horses, consisting of seven experimental and seven control horses, were used for the experiment. Before the transportation, blood samples were obtained by jugular venipuncture from all the horses. Experimental horses were administered with AA (200 mg/kg dissolved in 20 mL of distilled water per os), whereas the control horses were given 20 mL of distilled water per os. Thereafter, the animals were transported for 6 hours and blood samples collected after transportation. Packed cell volume and hemoglobin concentration were higher (P < .05) in experimental than the control group, whereas total leukocytes reduced significantly (P < .05) in experimental in comparison with the control horses. Lymphocyte, neutrophil counts, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, and total protein decreased in experimental horses in comparison with control, but they were not significant (P > .05). Erythrocyte osmotic fragility was lower in experimental than the control at 0.3% NaCl concentration (P < .05). The result of the present study revealed that AA ameliorated changes in hematological parameters and EOF induced by road transport stress, partly because of its antioxidant properties.     

加减四君子汤对仔猪免疫机能及生产性能的影响

将72头（16.56±0.37）kg长大二元猪随机分为对照组、加减四君子汤组、抗生素组,每组4个重复,每个重复6头（公母各半）。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1组在基础日粮中添加中草药加减四君子汤,试验2组基础日粮中添加抗生素和高铜,于试验的第14天和第30天分别称重和采血,测定仔猪的生长性能、免疫指标和生理生化指标。结果显示,在试验第一阶段,中草药加减四君子汤组的平均日增重显著低于抗生素组（P〈0.05）,日粮粗蛋白质消化率极显著低于抗生素组（P〈0.01）,料肉比显著高于抗生素组（P〈0.05）,中草药加减四君子汤组的平均日增重、日粮粗蛋白质的消化率、料肉比与对照组相比差异不显著（P〉0.05）;而在试验第二阶段,中草药加减四君子汤组日增重和料肉比与抗生素组差异不显著（P〉0.05）,显著优于对照组（P〉0.05）;中草药加减四君子汤组粗蛋白质消化率显著低于抗生素组（P〈0.05）,与对照组相比差异不显著（P〉0.05）;中草药加减四君子汤组淋巴细胞ANAE阳性率在试验的两个阶段均显著高于抗生素组和对照组（P〈0.05）,对照组和抗生素组差异不显著;淋巴细胞转化率LTT（PHA）在第一阶段3个处理组之间差异不显著（P〉0.05）,在第二阶段中草药加减四君子汤极显著高于抗生素组和对照组（P〈0.01）,而对照组和抗生素组之间差异不显著（P〉0.05）;血清生化指标各处理组在整个试验期间差异均不显著（P〉0.05）。该结果表明,加减四君子汤具有明显的促生长作用,可提高断奶仔猪免疫力,增强机体抗病力,在猪饲料中添加一定剂量的加减四君子汤对动物健康无不良影响。     

山东省牛主要污染物产生量估算及环境效应研究

[目的]估算了山东省牛粪便的总量及其养分的负荷量和占当年排泄污染物的比例。[方法]根据2010年山东省和各地市牛存栏的行业和统计局两套数据和2012年行业数据,通过计算参数和估算的方法算出了牛粪产生总量。[结果]全省牛粪总共约在7000~9700万 t 之间,占当年所有畜禽粪便产生量的34.07%~37.37%之间,即三分之一以上。德州、济南两市单是牛粪便的土地承载量分别达到了29.7 t/hm2和27.4 t/hm2,接近了欧洲标准30 t/hm2的限量值。[结论]应该引起我们对全省牛业发展方式和发展战略的高度重视。     

烘丝工艺参数对烟丝加工质量的影响

【目的】优化烟丝干燥的最佳工艺参数,为提高烘丝加工质量提供科学依据。【方法】采用均匀设计法,通过直观分析和多元回归分析考察切丝含水率、HT蒸汽压力、筒壁温度、热风温度和排潮开度等因素对烟丝物理指标和感官质量的影响。【结果】切丝含水率、HT蒸汽压力、筒壁温度、排潮开度和热风温度对烟丝填充值、整丝率、碎丝率等物理指标均有一定影响;除切丝含水率外,其他4个工艺参数对烟丝感官质量也有明显影响。通过多元回归分析得到烘丝加工的最佳工艺参数组合：在切丝含水率19.0%、HT蒸汽压力0.32 MPa、筒壁温度137℃、热风温度105℃、排潮开度自动调节的条件下,烟丝填充值、整丝率和感官质量得分较优化前分别提高0.18 cm^3/g、2.3%和1.3分,碎丝率下降0.7%。【结论】切丝含水率、HT蒸汽压力、筒壁温度、热风温度和排潮开度对烟丝物理指标和感官质量的影响各不相同,在烟丝实际烘干加工过程中,适当调整各工艺参数,可有效提高烟丝加工质量。     

半导体工业废水污染特征因子初探

指出了集成电路和印制电路板是半导体工业的主要组成部分,而在生产过程中会大量使用氢氟酸,使得虽经过处理后的生产废水中氟离子浓度仍较高,达到7 mg/L左右;通过将半导体企业排放废水与生活污水、地下水及地表水中氟离子浓度进行比较,提出了以氟离子浓度作为半导体工业废水的污染特征因子,并结合不同雨污混接类型污染特征因子,依据物料和水量守恒得出不同混接类型的近似混接水量比例计算公式,以期为后续的雨污混接溯源和雨污改造工程提供借鉴。