深沪湾海水、沉积物及贝类体内重金属的含量与评价

利用1998年5月和9月深沪湾海域环境调查资料，着重分析了深炉湾海水、表层沉积物及褶牡蛎和菲律宾蛤仔体内重金属的含量及分布，结果表明：深沪湾海水中Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn、Hg等含量均低于渔业水质标准，而表层沉积物的Pb、Zn含量大部分已超标，近岸水域海水和表层沉积物中Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn的含量明显高于湾中心水域，湾顶水域高于湾口水域。Hg的含量是湾南部水域高于北部水域。文中还根据全国海岸带污染综合调查专业组制定的海洋生物污染评价标准，对2种贝类的重金属污染程度进行评价，结果深沪湾的养殖贝类体内的重金属含量均未超标。     

洋山港海域表层海水中重金属及石油烃污染周年监测与评价

为阐明洋山港建设运营期间对其所在海域产生的环境影响,在对2012年洋山港海域水体中溶解性重金属及石油烃进行周年监测的基础上,对洋山港海域重金属污染现状及特征进行了分析和评价。结果表明,洋山港海域主要重金属污染物为Hg,其余污染物依次为Cu、Pb和Zn;通过聚类分析将全年污染时段分为上半年(2012年1至5月)和下半年(2012年6至12月)两个阶段,时间分布及灰色聚类评价显示较严重的污染情况主要集中出现在上半年,空间分布显示小洋山码头沿岸及大洋山岛东南一带出现污染物高值区。鉴于洋山港正处于运营与建设同时进行的特殊阶段,需及时监测控制港区的污染物含量,本文提出采用GM(1,1)改进模型中发展系数的概念,深入研究污染物的变化趋势及规律。结果表明,监测海域各重金属污染物中Hg、Cr和Cd较难消除,应重视加强其防治措施。     

凤眼莲对重金属的吸收与其喂鱼后二次富集状况的初步研究

通过苏州东郊城河试验：凤眼莲对城河污水及其重金属具有很强的吸收积累和净化能力。经凤眼莲净化后，其污水中酚浓度从0．005～0．023毫克/升降到检不出来，总氮从5．330毫克／升降至2．330毫克／升，总磷从0．840毫克／升降至0．183毫克/升，COD从54．8毫克／升降至29．36毫克/升，水质透明度也有很大改善，从36．7厘米提高到90厘米左右。对重金属铜从0．57ppb降至0．32ppb，Pb0．14ppb降至0．06ppb，锌65．6ppb降至23．6ppb，镉0．14ppb降至O．03ppb等，从而使河水达到了渔业用水标准。根据实验结果，凤眼莲喂鱼后鱼类对重金属没有明显的二次富集现象，在鱼肉中重金属含量均在食品卫生标准(汞0．3毫克/公斤，铅2毫克/公斤、砷1毫克／公斤)以下。     

Determination of primary structure of amberjack myosin heavy chain and its relationship with structural stability of various fish myosin rods

The structural stability of fish myosin depends upon species and temperatures of water in which fish live. Primary, secondary, and quaternary structures of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) from three species of fish living at different temperature ranges have been compared with those of rabbit MyHC in order to investigate the differences in stability. Primary structure of MyHC, although being accessible for warm-water and cold-water fish (carp and walleye pollack), was not available in previous for tropical-water fish literature; so in this study primary structure of MyHC of the tropical-water fish amberjack has been determined by cloning and sequencing its cDNA. The MyHC has 1938 amino acid residues (AA), which are almost as much as as those of carp and walleye pollack. The amberjack MyHC is 91–95% homologous with other fish and rabbit MyHCs. There is a discernible difference between animal species with stable myosin rod (amberjack, carp, and rabbit) and walleye pollack with unstable rod. Stable rod species have a high probability of forming coiled-coil around the COOH-terminal end of the rod, while the pollack has a low coiled-coil formation probability. In addition, the average scores of the coiled-coil for myosin rod were rabbit (1.738) > amberjack (1.691) > carp (1.680) > walleye pollack (1.674) which correlated exactly with the observed stability. The results suggest that coiled-coil forming ability, particularly around the COOH-terminal end, directs structural stability of fish myosin rod.     

成体瘤背石磺不同组织中的重金属含量及其评价

采用原子吸收法测定了瘤背石磺栖息地(崇明北支芦苇滩涂)的水质、土壤及成体瘤背石磺不同组织中的各项重金属含量,并与相应的国家标准进行了比较。结果表明:瘤背石磺栖息地的水质和土壤基本符合相应的国家标准,仅土壤中的Cu和Zn含量略超过国家标准《土壤环境质量标准》,污染指数分别为1.39和1.09。瘤背石磺肝胰腺中积累了较多的Cu、Zn和Fe,含量分别高达314.33、258.33和192.40μg/g组织湿重,两性腺中的Zn含量为309.33μg/g组织湿重,显著高于其它组织(P<0.05),肌肉和卵黄腺中的重金属含量均较低。除Cd含量外,瘤背石磺肌肉中的其它重金属含量均符合国家标准《农产品安全质量:无公害水产品安全要求》中的规定要求,但是肌肉中Cd含量远低于CAC标准(国际食品法典委员会标准)规定的2.0μg/g湿重。     

梯田对黄土区降雨径流过程的影响及SCS-CN模型应用与改进

梯田改变了流域下垫面,对降雨径流过程势必产生影响,径流曲线模型（Soil Conservation Service Curve Number,SCS-CN）在中国黄土区,特别是梯田分布广泛流域的适用性仍存争议。为此,该研究以位于甘肃天水的罗玉沟流域为研究对象,利用梯田修建前后2个时段（1985-1990年、2000-2010年）的降雨径流实测资料,分析梯田修建对降雨-径流过程的影响,验证SCS-CN模型的适用性,进一步考虑梯田修建的影响针对不同降雨类型分别提出了基于降雨量和平均雨强的模型改进方法。结果表明：1）梯田修建对流域径流过程的影响与降雨强度关系密切。当雨强较小时,梯田显著削减流域洪峰和径流总量,削减幅度均在55%以上;而当降雨量和雨强较大时,梯田削减洪峰和径流总量效果并不显著。总体上,梯田修建后流域平均降雨径流系数显著减小至0.06,减小幅度约54%。2）基于最小二乘法优化与考虑前期土壤含水率修正的SCS-CN模型并不适用于梯田分布广泛流域的径流预报。引入降雨量和平均雨强改进后的模型模拟效果显著提高,此时流域暴雨量级以下和以上降雨事件的初损率分别为0.29和0.02。该研究基于降雨因子改进的模型在梯田分布广泛流域具有一定的适用性,可为流域产流计算及水土保持规划提供参考依据。     

基于MGWR的渭河流域TRMM降水产品空间降尺度分析

高分辨率降水数据有助于刻画降水的时空分异特性,对流域水文、气象和生态等过程的精准模拟具有重要作用,因此对低分辨率降水产品开展空间降尺度,提高其分辨率十分必要。鉴于此,本文在充分考虑热带降雨测量卫星（Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission,TRMM）降水产品在渭河流域适用性的基础上,引入归一化差分植被指数（Normalized Difference Vegetation Index,NDVI）、数字高程模型（Digital Elevation Model,DEM）、坡度、坡向和经纬度等地理环境因子,构建了多尺度地理加权回归（Multi-scale Geographically Weighted Regression,MGWR）模型用以分析不同因子对渭河流域降水空间格局影响的尺度差异;进一步提出了一种针对TRMM降水产品的空间降尺度方法,并透过精度评价验证了降尺度结果的可靠性。结果表明：1）TRMM降水产品数据相较于站点实测数据存在一定精度误差,年尺度上R2=0.807,BIAS=2.909%,RMSE=83.477 mm,表现较好;季尺度上秋季R2最高,为0.847,夏季RMSE最大,为62.393 mm,四季的BIAS均较低;月尺度R2为0.456～0.815,BIAS介于±0%～8%之间,多数月份为正值,RMSE值域范围为3.019～37.841 mm,精度较好;总体而言,TRMM降水产品数据在年、季和月尺度上均表现出良好的整体适用性。2）不同因子在干湿年份对降水空间分异格局的影响呈现出不同的尺度特征,其中湿润年的DEM、NDVI、坡向和经纬度对降水呈现局部影响,坡度影响具有全局性,而干旱年各因子均表现为局部影响。3）流域和站点尺度上,降尺度TRMM数据相较于降尺度前产品数据精度得到一定改善,其中流域尺度上,R2整体提升3%,RMSE降低1mm;站点尺度上,各站点统计指标变化各异,但降尺度后统计指标整体优于降尺度前,并且由于时间尺度上的误差累积,站点年尺度数据精度相比月尺度数据稍差（R2由0.8～0.91变为0.4～0.95,RMSE从11～17变为32～150）。4）降尺度TRMM数据相比于降尺度前产品数据,空间分布更细腻,细节特征表现更好,且在年、月时间尺度上均具有较高的精度,可为渭河流域资料短缺地区的水文设计提供数据支撑。     

Variability in pattern and hydrogen isotope composition (δ2H) of long-chain n-alkanes of surface soils and its relations to climate and vegetation characteristics: A meta-analysis

The average chain length (ACL), carbon preference index (CPI), and hydrogen isotope composition (δ²H) of long-chain n-alkanes in sediments have been used to retrieve information about the paleoclimate. Despite their importance as in-between media from leaves to sediments, n-alkanes of surface soils have not been systematically analyzed at large scale. Such an investigation of the spatial variation of n-alkane properties in soil and their dependence on climatic and botanic (e.g., vegetation type) factors could provide a rationale for a better estimation of the past environment. We synthesized the patterns and δ²H of long-chain n-alkanes in soil (δ²H^n-alkanes) with regard to vegetation types (cropland, grassland, shrubland, and woodland) and environmental factors using data from peer-reviewed papers. Our results showed that the ACL and CPI of soil C₂₇–C₃₃ n-alkanes were not suitable indicators for differentiating vegetation types at large scale; instead, ACL significantly correlated with water conditions such as mean annual precipitation (MAP) and Palmer drought severity index (PDSI), and CPI significantly correlated with temperature without significant influence of vegetation type. The variation (i.e., standard deviation) of fractionation between the δ²H values in annual precipitation and in soil n-alkanes (ε_rain-soil) was smaller than that reported in leaves; therefore, soils were better suited to quantifying the general growing conditions of plants at a certain site. The fractionation ε_rain-soil correlated with climatic conditions as described by the PDSI and relative humidity (RH). This correlation agreed with the change in leaf water enrichment with changing RH taken from the literature and was independent of the vegetation type at large scale. This meta-analysis may provide useful information for the variations of the patterns and δ²H_n-alkanes values in surface soils.     

黄土旱塬区麦田休闲期降水与土壤贮水的变化特征

为提高休闲期降水资源利用效率和确保区域粮食安全,利用1981—2020年陇东黄土高原旱作麦田定位土壤水分和气象观测资料,分析了冬小麦田休闲期间降水与土壤水分的变化特征及其影响因素。结果表明:(1)近40年陇东黄土高原休闲期降水以14 mm/10 a的速率增加,降雨总日数和小雨日数呈减少趋势,中雨、大雨日数呈弱增加趋势;(2)近40年休闲期1 m土层平均以9.5 mm/10 d的速率充水,贮水量平均增加97 mm,21世纪以来贮水量增加明显;(3)休闲期降水与1 m土层贮水增量符合二次函数关系,1 m土层开始贮存水分的降水阈值为175 mm,贮水增量与中、大雨总日数相关性最高,前期降水主要以土壤蒸发消耗为主,后期降水则大部贮存于土壤中;(4)休闲期1 m土层平均贮水效率为0.27,贮水效率随着麦收时的土壤墒情增加而线性递减,当麦收时1 m土层贮水量小于田间持水量的45%～48%时,贮水效率较高,1 m土层水分得到充分补充的降水阈值为388 mm。该研究成果揭示了近40年陇东黄土高原休闲期降水和土壤贮水的转化规律,同时为指导区域水资源高效利用提供科学依据。