农田土壤N2O排放和减排措施的研究进展

氧化亚氮(N2O)是一种受人类活动影响的重要温室气体。农业土壤是其主要的排放源之一,土壤中硝化和反硝化作用是N2O产生的主要过程。N2O的排放受多种因素的影响,农业活动尤其是施用化学氮肥是农田N2O排放量增加的主要因素。提高氮肥利用率,使用硝化抑制剂等措施将有助于减少N2O的排放量,更有效的减排措施还有待进一步的研究与应用。     

滩地林业有害生物防控技术研究

环洞庭湖拥有滩地20多万hm2,近几年来,随着杨木市场需求的迅速增长,中、高住滩地成为营造杨树速丰林基地重要区域.滩地杨树人工林的兴起,不仅使滩地的自然景观发生了变化,同时滩地的水分、光照、植被等环境因子也发生了改变,有害生物种类随地面高程提高呈递增态势,成为制约滩地杨树生长量和木材材质的瓶颈.连续6年调查研究结果表明...     

木本泥炭添加比例对猪粪堆肥腐熟度和污染及温室气体排放的影响

针对当前猪粪好氧堆肥过程中存在的腐熟度低、氮素损失严重、污染气体排放量大等问题,该研究以木本泥炭作为添加剂与猪粪进行联合堆肥,研究了不同木本泥炭添加量(添加比例依次为占物料湿基质量的5%、10%、15%和20%的4个处理)对猪粪好氧堆肥产品腐熟度和堆肥过程中CH4、NH3和H2S等污染气体排放变化的影响。结果表明:在猪粪堆肥中添加木本泥炭作为调理材料,堆体可成功启动升温,在第2~4天堆体可进入高温期,并持续7 d以上,达到无害化卫生标准;经28 d好氧堆肥以后,堆肥产品p H值为8.0左右,电导率值为1.47~1.82 m S/cm,发芽指数均大于80%,达到腐熟标准;木本泥炭添加量增加至15%以上时,有机质分解程度高,物料干质量降解率达22%左右,28 d堆体含水率下降35%左右,CH4、NH3和H2S排放量分别减少82.12%~89.48%、53.47%~63.31%、50.98%~62.76%,总温室气体排放当量减少70.34%~83.26%,堆体总氮损失减少率达44%~63%,保氮效果显著。因此,建议木本泥炭用作猪粪堆肥添加剂的最优添加量为15%~20%(以物料总湿重计)。     

Nitrous oxide emissions from fertilised grassland: A 2-year study of the effects of N fertiliser form and environmental conditions

The aim was to investigate the effects of different N fertilisers on nitrous oxide (N₂O) flux from agricultural grassland, with a view to suggesting fertiliser practices least likely to cause substantial N₂O emissions, and to assess the influence of soil and environmental factors on the emissions. Replicate plots on a clay loam grassland were fertilised with ammonium sulphate (AS), urea (U), calcium nitrate (CN), ammonium nitrate (AN), or cattle slurry supplemented with AN on three occasions in each of 2 years. Frequent measurements were made of N₂O flux and soil and environmental variables. The loss of N₂O-N as a percentage of N fertiliser applied was highest from the supplemented slurry (SS) treatment and U, and lowest from AS. The temporal pattern of losses was different for the different fertilisers and between years. Losses from U were lower than those from AN and CN in the spring, but higher in the summer. The high summer fluxes were associated with high water-filled pore space (WFPS) values. Fluxes also rose steeply with temperature where WFPS or mineral N values were not limiting. Total annual loss was higher in the 2nd year, probably because of the rainfall pattern: the percentage losses were 2.2, 1.4, 1.2, 1.1 and 0.4 from SS, U, AN, CN and AS, respectively. Application of U in the spring and AN twice in the summer in the 2nd year gave an average emission factor of 0.8% – lower than from application of either individual fertiliser. We suggest that similar varied fertilisation practices, modified according to soil and crop type and climatic conditions, might be employed to minimise N₂O emissions from agricultural land. Received: 30 August 1996     

山西省转BT基因棉田害虫发生规律研究

通过对转BT基因棉田及常规棉田害虫的对比调查研究,并结合室内饲养,明确了山西省转BT基因棉田害虫的主要种类及其与常规棉田害虫发生规律的不同点,为新的生态条件下山西省棉田害虫综合治理提供了依据。     

集中投饵防治松鼠害研究初报

浙江省浦江县被赤腹松鼠(Callosciurus erythraeus styani.)剥皮危害的树种有51种,面积达2.7万hm~2,占全县山林面积的45％。采用集中投饵灭鼠效果优于散点投饵,并且操作简便,成本低,见效快。     

用排气管温度加热气化醇类燃料在柴油机上的试验研究

 针对高原地区空气含氧量低,发动机功率不足,以及有限的石油和空气污染严重等问题。结合柴油机的结构特点、醇类燃料的特性,在不改变原机结构的前提下,增设一套醇类燃料（甲醇或乙醇）供给装置,醇类燃料供给装置供给的醇类靠排气温度加热气化并同进气流一同流入气缸。醇类燃料供给装置与原供油装置相互配合,实现辅助燃料（轻柴油）引燃,主要燃料为甲醇或乙醇,从而在达到不降低发动机功率的状况下,醇类燃料替代柴油,并且有效降低排放的目的。试验表明：此方法简单可行,除在单缸柴油机上采用外,可向多缸机推广应用,这对解决能源紧缺,降低排放,实现可持续发展,有较强的现实意义。同时对改善高原地区发动机动力性,有着其特殊的作用。     

番茄锌营养临界值的研究

在盆钵条件下,试验布置在褐土菜园土和草甸土菜园土上。试验表明:施锌量与土壤有效锌含量和植株体内含量呈线性关系。根据这些数量关系计算出育苗阶段两种土壤有效锌缺锌临界值分别为5.32、9.80ppm,致害临界值分别为10.61、28.09ppm,生长在两种土壤上番茄幼苗锌缺锌临界值分别为55.73、65.98ppm,致害临界值分别为81.05、124.11ppm,开花阶段两种土壤有效锌缺锌临界值分别为11.32、13.89ppm,致害临界值分别为16.35、31.95ppm,生长在两种土壤上的番茄植株体内锌缺锌临界值分别为59.71ppm和81.43ppm,致害临界值分别为82.53ppm和124.11ppm。     

高原夏季无公害西芹专家系统的开发与应用

介绍了甘肃省首次研发的高原夏季无公害西芹专家系统的开发过程、主要技术及系统功能。该系统在金昌市永昌县示范,示范田西芹平均产量为12.915万kg/hm2,较对照增产19.9%,产值达51660元/hm2,较对照增值9360元/hm2。     

乡村旅游产业链共生系统的特征及模式的演化和构建——以山西省为例

全球气候变暖的主要原因在于大气中碳浓度的急速升高。为应对全球气候变暖,以低碳为特征的新发展模式成为目前减少温室气体排放,应对全球气候变暖的根本途径。农业生态系统作为最大的人工生态系统,是重要的碳排放源之一。农业活动与气候变暖关系密切,农业生态系统已成为温室气体的第二大来源。本文以三峡库区为例,在分析了库区农业发展面临问题的基础上,探讨了库区发展低碳循环生态农业的意义,提出了库区低碳循环生态农业发展的一般模式及减少农业生产碳排放的五种对策,即推广免耕法、稻田水旱轮作,适度排水放干、发展以沼气为核心的农村新能源系统、发展高效生态循环种养农业和培育新型农民。