Utilization of Livestock''s Dejection as Biogas Origin in Building New Countryside in Heilongjiang Province--Developing Utilization of Biogas and Promoting Energy-saving and Emission Reduction

With the startup and execution of new socialistic countryside construction in Heilongjiang Province,the transition from castoff to resource is strengthened in the countryside,aiming at neat appearance of the countryside,clean production and saving energy.People produce biogas and provide the countryside with new energy by means of turning livestock's dejection into resources,composting of the plant and animal's leavings in the courtyard and even in the factory.It is helpful for the countryside to conserve t...     

微囊型甲醛捕捉剂对薄木饰面人造板甲醛释放量的影响

随着薄木饰面板在家具、装修领域中的使用量越来越大,人造板的游离甲醛释放问题也愈发引起人们关注,现有的甲醛捕捉剂一般只能在短期内发挥效果,而对人造板甲醛的长期释放控制效果并不理想。为解决人造板甲醛释放的长期性问题,以尿素为芯材、乙基纤维素为壁材制备微囊型甲醛捕捉剂,探讨不同乳化剂及芯壁比制备的微囊型甲醛捕捉剂对饰面人造板甲醛控释效果的影响。结果表明,当乳化剂为十二烷基硫酸钠、芯壁比为3∶1,乳化剂用量1%、壁材质量分数3%、搅拌速度1000 r/min时,制备出的微胶囊芯材负载效果最好,负载量达到36.24%、负载效率为8.05%。采用该微胶囊以2%的质量比与脲醛树脂胶黏剂混配进行饰面板贴面热压时,得到的薄木贴面板的甲醛释放量相比未处理饰面板降低了37.9%。经过20 d后,微胶囊对其饰面板甲醛的释放仍表现出一定的控制效果,饰面板的甲醛释放量为0.99 mg/L,仅为未处理饰面板的56.9%。说明用微囊型甲醛捕捉剂对饰面人造板进行处理不仅能够对饰面板中的甲醛进行控释,而且在长期的放置、使用过程中也能够持续发挥作用,从而达到降低室内空气中甲醛浓度的目的。     

特大型沼气工程温室气体减排效益分析——以“海南澄迈日产3万Nm3车用沼气项目”为例

根据国际通用的温室气体减排计算方法，对海南澄迈日产3万Nm3车用沼气工程所带来的主要温室气体减排量和减排效益进行了估算分析。结果表明：项目每年可减少温室气体排放53 560 t(CO2当量)，以上海碳交易市场近年平均交易价格(39.23元/t CO2)计算，可带来210.12万元的经济效益。     

第24届冬奥会举办地空气质量特征及环境因子响应机制

空气质量问题是近些年来广受关注的问题，尤其对国际性盛会冬奥会而言，举办地的空气质量也是其能否举办成功的重要评估标准。为评估冬奥会举办地近6 a空气质量状况及动态变化环境相应机理，该研究收集了2014年以来3个冬奥会场馆所在地（北京延庆、奥体中心和河北张家口）的空气质量数据，分别分析了3个监测点的6个空气质量指标（CO、NO₂、O₃、SO₂、PM_2.5、PM₁₀）的浓度动态，并结合2016年奥体中心的气象数据分析了6个指标环境因子的响应机制，结果表明:1)张家口空气质量相对最佳，PM_2.5达标率均在80%以上，但春季大颗粒物污染仍需治理；2)2014-2019年3个监测点的空气质量有明显改善，尤其张家口SO₂从37.50 μg/m³（2014）降至11.06 μg/m³（2019），但截至2019年奥体中心NO₂仍高于国际标准，气体污染物仍是其治理的重点；3)CO和NO²日变化呈“U型”，O³和SO²为“单峰型”，CO、O₃、SO₂季节变化明显。各空气质量指标的主要影响因子分别为CO-太阳净辐射（R_n）、NO₂-太阳净辐射（R_n）、O₃-空气温度（T_a）、SO₂-空气温度（T_a），其中风速（Ws）与各空气质量指标呈负相关关系；6个指标年最大值（7.6 mg/m³、155.5、186.9、68.4、373.2 μg/m³和465.5 μg/m³）均出现在Ws<1 m/s时；然而，由于各空气质量指标的来源及彼此转换，各空气质量指标之间的相关性强于与环境因子的相关性。     

利凉处理对大棚环境、秋番茄生长与结果及其茎基腐病的影响

为验证利凉的应用效果,采用大田试验方法,研究利凉处理下大棚环境、秋番茄生长、结果和茎基腐病的状况。结果表明：在晴天和阴天条件下,利凉处理棚膜均起到降低大棚内的地温、气温和光照强度的作用,同时可提高大棚内的空气相对湿度,为秋番茄生长提供良好的环境条件。与对照大棚相比,利凉处理大棚提高了秋番茄植株的生长速率,可使秋番茄第一花序坐果率提高18.51%,第一层果实产量提高82.66%,同时可降低大棚秋番茄茎基腐病的发病率达15.28%。综上,利凉可以在大棚秋番茄生产上应用。     

基于粒子图像测速的坡面流水动力学特性

粒子图像测速(Particle Image Velocimetry, PIV)技术具有多点同时测量、对水流无干扰的优点,该研究利用高分辨率PIV(分辨率为64 pixels/mm),测量了7组坡面流(水深范围为0.5～1.1 cm,雷诺数范围为1 000～3 000),并测量1组深水明渠紊流作为对照,研究了流速轮廓线和修正系数、紊动强度和雷诺应力、偏态系数和峰度系数的变化规律。结果表明:1)PIV能够有效观测坡面流床面至水面的流速分布。当坡面流流态为过渡流时,流速修正系数随着雷诺数的增加呈对数增加,均值为0.77;2)对比深水明渠紊流的紊动强度,坡面流的流向紊动强度较大,而垂向紊动强度较小,且随着水深及雷诺数的增加,坡面流紊动强度逐渐与深水明渠紊流的特征吻合。深水明渠紊流中受雷诺应力影响的流体占比约80%,而坡面流中受雷诺应力影响的流体占比小于80%,随着雷诺数的增加坡面流中受雷诺应力影响的流体占比变大;3)对比深水明渠紊流的峰度系数,坡面流的峰度系数大部分大于3,表明坡面流较深水明渠紊流出现极端流速事件的概率小。PIV技术有利于实验室研究坡面水力侵蚀的力学机理机制问题。     

Intensive organic vegetable production increases soil organic carbon but with a lower carbon conversion efficiency than integrated management

Intensive vegetable production in greenhouses has rapidly expanded in China since the 1990s and increased to 1.3 million ha of farmland by 2016, which is the highest in the world. We conducted an 11‐year greenhouse vegetable production experiment from 2002 to 2013 to observe soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics under three management systems, i.e., conventional (CON), integrated (ING), and intensive organic (ORG) farming. Soil samples (0–20 and 20–40 cm depth) were collected in 2002 and 2013 and separated into four particle‐size fractions, i.e., coarse sand (> 250 µm), fine sand (250–53 µm), silt (53–2 µm), and clay (< 2 µm). The SOC contents and δ¹³C values of the whole soil and the four particle‐size fractions were analyzed. After 11 years of vegetable farming, ORG and ING significantly increased SOC stocks (0–20 cm) by 4008 ± 36.6 and 2880 ± 365 kg C ha^?1 y^?1, respectively, 8.1‐ and 5.8‐times that of CON (494 ± 42.6 kg C ha^?1 y^?1). The SOC stock increase in ORG at 20–40 cm depth was 245 ± 66.4 kg C ha^?1 y^?1, significantly higher than in ING (66 ± 13.4 kg C ha^?1 y^?1) and CON (109 ± 44.8 kg C ha^?1 y^?1). Analyses of ¹³C revealed a significant increase in newly produced SOC in both soil layers in ORG. However, the carbon conversion efficiency (CE: increased organic carbon in soil divided by organic carbon input) was lower in ORG (14.4%–21.7%) than in ING (18.2%–27.4%). Among the four particle‐sizes in the 0–20 cm layer, the silt fraction exhibited the largest proportion of increase in SOC content (57.8% and 55.4% of the SOC increase in ORG and ING, respectively). A similar trend was detected in the 20–40 cm soil layer. Over all, intensive organic (ORG) vegetable production increases soil organic carbon but with a lower carbon conversion efficiency than integrated (ING) management.     

SiO2纳米颗粒对黄瓜“新唐山秋瓜”幼苗根系 解剖结构和气体交换的影响

硅是地壳内含量第二丰富的元素。近年来,人们开始探索硅的纳米材料在农业领域的运用。为更好地将二氧化硅纳米颗粒应用于园艺植物生产,以黄瓜栽培品种新唐山秋瓜(Cucumissativuscv."QiuguaofNew Tangshan")为材料,采用盆栽的方式研究不同施入量下(0、5、10和20m L)浓度为30%的二氧化硅溶液对黄瓜根系解剖结构、根毛形成、黄瓜叶片光合色素含量、叶绿素荧光参数以及气体交换的影响。结果表明,二氧化硅纳米颗粒对黄瓜的根系解剖结构并没有显著的影响,但对根毛形成的影响较大,在每盆20m L二氧化硅溶液条件下的根毛密度最高。施入不同量的二氧化硅溶液对黄瓜叶片光合色素含量均有提高但并不明显,且在较低施入浓度下,光合作用机制得到一定的提高。黄瓜叶片的净光合速率随着二氧化硅施入量的增加逐渐增加,但施入量对蒸腾速率的影响不明显。综上,二氧化硅纳米颗粒通过促进根毛形成以及提高净光合速率能够提高植物的生长机理,进而促进植物生长和产量的提高,将其运用于农业生产及园艺作物生产上具有广阔前景。     

Italian ryegrass establishment by self-seeding in integrated crop-livestock systems: Effects of grazing management and crop rotation strategies

We evaluated the re-establishment of an Italian ryegrass pasture by self-seeding on a no-till integrated crop-livestock systems (ICLS) in the southern region of Brazil. This work is part of a long-term experimental protocol initiated in 2003. We tested the effects of various management practices, such as summer crop systems (soybean vs. maize–soybean rotation), stocking methods (continuous vs. rotational) and grazing intensities (low vs. moderate), on Italian ryegrass pasture establishment. In addition, we tested resilience of the system by testing pasture's ability to re-establish following a year without seed head production. The experiment consisted in the rotation, on the same area, of Italian ryegrass pasture grazed by sheep during the winter and up to the end of the grass production cycle, and soybean or soybean-maize grain crops rotation cultivated during the summer. The pasture established itself by self-seeding since 2005. Data were collected in 2011 and 2012 stocking season. The soybean summer crop, continuous stocking and low grazing intensity, all positively affected the production of reproductive tillers in 2011. Grazing intensity in 2011 strongly influenced early vegetative tiller densities (before crop harvest) in 2012. However, none of the grazing intensity or the stocking method treatments affected herbage mass at the end of pasture establishment in 2011 or 2012. On the other hand, the soybean summer crop positively affected pasture establishment, both in term of tiller densities and herbage mass at the end of pasture establishment. The removal of all seed heads in 2011 (preventing seed production) resulted in the total failure of pasture establishment in 2012. Overall, Italian ryegrass establishment by self-seeding relies on the annual replacement of the soil seed bank. This experiment demonstrated that under various stocking methods, moderate grazing intensity and maize or soybean summer crop, Italian ryegrass pasture establishment by self-seeding remains successful even when the stocking periods extended up to the end of the grass production cycle. Self-seeding with moderate grazing intensity ensures successful pasture establishment, reduces labour and costs and allows to increase the stocking period and so animal live weight gain over the grazing season.     

我国旅游业碳排放测算方法构建与实证研究——基于投入产出视角

按照旅游业"碳减排"的"测定—减排—补偿"三步走的逻辑主线,旅游业碳排放的计量是旅游业节能减排的第一步,也是关键一步。以生命周期评价理论和投入产出分析方法为基础,结合国民经济核算体系、旅游卫星账户、环境经济综合账户等经济与环境计量技术,构建"自上而下"的旅游业碳排放计量方法体系,并实证计量了2002年我国旅游业碳排放量。研究发现,2002年我国旅游业碳排放总量为135.90 Mt,占我国所有产业碳排放总量的3.95%,占我国碳排放总量(包含生活消费碳排放)的3.50%;其中,旅游业直接碳排放为55.65 Mt,分别为交通42.25 Mt,游览1.08 Mt,住宿2.5 Mt,餐饮2.76 Mt,商品销售4.12 Mt,娱乐0.59 Mt,邮电通讯0.43 Mt,其他服务1.92 Mt;旅游业间接碳排放为80.24 Mt,主要贡献国民经济部门为炼焦、煤气及石油加工业、交通运输及仓储业、机器设备制造业、食品制造及烟草加工业等,约占总贡献率的60%。