Effects of Lodging at Different Filling Stages on Rice Yield and Grain Quality

The effects of lodging of rice plants from 20 d after full heading to maturity on yield and grain quality were investigated with a hybrid rice combination Liangyoupeijiu and a japonica rice cultivar CY-6.The results showed that,except for brown rice rate,almost all parameters for yield and grain quality including ratio of grain length to grain width,gelatinization temperature and gel consistency,were significantly influenced by lodging and thus deteriorated.Regression analysis suggested that,lodging one day earlier at the grain-filling stage could cause 2.66% to 2.71% of yield loss,1.8 to 2.6 percentage points decrease of seed-setting rate,0.26 to 0.32 g reduction of 1000-grain weight,0.097 to 0.155 percentage point decline of milled rice rate,as well as 0.13 to 0.27 percentage point increase of chalky grain rate,and 0.021 to 0.024 percentage point rise of protein content,and subsequently lower the eating quality.     

Variations in Carbohydrate and Protein Accumulation among Spikelets at Different Positions Within a Panicle During Rice Grain Filling

The accumulation dynamics of kernel components for spikelets at different positions within a rice panicle were investigated during grain filling to understand the physiological reasons for the variation of grain quality.Two rice cultivars,Yangdao 6 (indica) and Yangjing 9538 (japonica),were field-grown,and the grain filling characters and contents of starch,soluble sugar,and protein of the spikelets at different positions were studied.There were significant differences in matter accumulation among spikelets at different positions during grain filling.The early-flowering spikelets presented dominance over the late-flowering spikelets in initial time and initial rate of accumulation.At the initial and mid filling stages,the contents and the rates of starch and amylose accumulation in spikelets decreased with the flowering sequence,but soluble sugar content (SSC) exhibited the opposite trend.The difference in SSC among the spikelets of Yangjing 9538 was greater than that of Yangdao 6,but amylose content in mature spikelets showed no obvious relationship to their flowering sequence.The crude protein content (CPC) of early-flowering spikelets decreased more rapidly than that of late-flowering ones at the initial filling stage,and CPC in the spikelets on the secondary branch was higher than that on the primary branch,but CPC in early-flowering ones was lower than that in late-flowering across the whole grain filling period.Grain water content (GWC) of early-flowering spikelets decreased more rapidly than that of late-flowering spikelets on the same branch at the initial and mid filling stages,especially for the top grain on each primary branch.The results suggested that poor grain filling of late-flowering spikelets may be attributed to their low biological activity rather than carbohydrate supply limitation.     

部分新疆小麦材料多酚氧化酶活性基因分布规律研究

[目的]了解新疆小麦材料多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性基因的等位变异组成和分布以及与PPO活性的关系,为小麦PPO活性的分子标记辅助选择奠定基础.[方法]利用PPO基因的功能标记PPO18、PPO29和PPO16对445份新疆冬春小麦材料进行2A和2D染色体上PPO等位基因Ppo -A1a、Ppo - A1b、Ppo - D1a和Ppo - D1b的检测,分析不同等位变异与PPO活性的相关性及变化趋势.[结果]PPO18在等位基因Ppo-A1a(高PPO)和Ppo - A1b(低PPO)中的分布频率为73.03;和26.97;,PPO16和PPO29在等位基因Ppo-D1a(低PPO)和Ppo - D1b(高PPO)中的分布频率76.63;和23.37;.Ppo -A1a与Ppo -A1b基因型的PPO活性平均值差异达极显著水平(P＜0.01).而Ppo- D1a与Ppo - D1b两者基因型的平均PPO活性差异不显著(P0.05);两个PPO基因的等位基因组合类型分布频率为:Ppo -A1a/Ppo - D1a(54.38;)、Ppo - A1a/Ppo-D1b( 18.65;)、Ppo -A1b/Ppo - D1a(22.25;)和Ppo -A1b/Ppo -D1b(4.72;);同时冬春小麦材料间PPO活性基因分布存在明显差异,总体来看,新疆小麦材料中高PPO活性的等位变异类型所占比例较高.[结论]PPO18、PPO16和PPO29标记可以作为小麦材料PPO活性鉴定有效工具.可直接利用此标记进行标记辅助选择.     

鱼腥草超微粉的显微特性

鱼腥草经60目粉碎和300目超微粉碎后,用激光粒度仪测量粒径,光镜和扫描电镜观察形态学特征,比较鱼腥草细粉和超微粉的显微特性差异.结果表明:鱼腥草超微粉粒径减小,比表面积增大,松密度增加,电镜下观察基本无完整细胞存在.可见,鱼腥草经超微粉碎后,粉末颗粒细微均匀,绝大多数细胞破壁,达到了超微效果.     

盐爪爪种子繁育技术研究

本文对小粒种子树种盐爪爪进行了种子繁育研究,最终确定其最佳播种时间、方式和播种深度等。     

基于BP神经网络的粮食产量预测模型

提高我国粮食产量的预测精度与效率是人们关注的一个重要问题.BP模型是目前最为广泛应用的神经网络模型之一,它是一种简单又非常有效的算法.将BP神经网络模型应用到粮食产量预测中,并建立了粮食产量的神经网络预测模型,结果表明BP神经网络应用于粮食产量预测是可行的.     

甘肃省种粮补贴政策实施现状和效果的调查分析

通过对甘肃省1 051户农户粮食补贴政策实施状况的入户调查,发现农户对实施补贴政策认同程度较高,但对政策本身缺乏了解,因此制约了政策效果。针对补贴实施过程中政策宣传不足,＂普惠制＂发放方法导致政策目标模糊,良种补贴和农机具补贴种类难以满足农户需要,补贴农机具售后服务等问题提出了相应的政策建议     

Evaluation of thermomechanical pretreatment for enzymatic hydrolysis of pure microcrystalline cellulose and cellulose from Brewers’ spent grain

Microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel PH102) and Brewers’ spent grain (BSG) were subjected to Détente Instantanée Contrôlée (DIC) thermomechanical pre-treatment before exposure to cellulases (Celluclast 1.5 L). In a first part, we showed that the addition of β-glucosidase (Novozym-188) increased the hydrolysis yield of Avicel. A maximal theoretical yield (100%), was obtained for 5 and 10 g/L of Avicel using a mixture of Celluclast 1.5 L/Novozym-188. After DIC pre-treatments, the initial rate and final yield of hydrolysis decreased in comparison with those from untreated microcrystalline cellulose. This phenomenon may be due to the modification of the crystallinity of pure cellulose and the formation of inhibitors during the pre-treatment. In a second part, BSG was thermomechanically pre-treated and hydrolyzed. The results showed that the hydrolysis yield of BSG treated at pressure levels between 2 and 7 bar during 15 min was strongly improved compared to hydrolysis yield of untreated BSG. The optimized hydrolysis process, under intensive DIC conditions, achieved a glucose yield corresponding to 100% of the theoretical cellulose value. The morphology of BSG samples was studied with Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM) and highlighted that the structure of pre-treated BSG showed an important disruption compared to the rigid structure of untreated BSG.     

Magnetically modified spent grain for dye removal

Spent grain, the major by-product of the brewing industry, was magnetically modified by contact with water-based magnetic fluid. The prepared material has been used as a new inexpensive magnetic adsorbent for the removal of water-soluble dyes. The dye adsorption could be described both with the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The maximum adsorption capacities reached the value up to 72.4 mg of dye (Bismarck brown Y) per g of dried magnetically modified spent grain.     

Influences of dietary distillers dried grain level on growth performance,body composition and biochemical parameters of juvenile olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)

This study was conducted to investigate the influence of dietary distillers dried grain (DDG) level on growth and body composition of juvenile olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Five diets (designated as DDG0, DDG7, DDG14, DDG21 and DDG28) were prepared to contain 0, 70, 140, 210 and 280 g kg^?1 DDG. Three replicate groups of fish averaging 11.6 ± 0.1 g were fed one of the diets for 8 weeks. Weight gain of fish fed diets containing 70–280 g kg^?1 DDG was not different to that of fish fed DDG0 diet (P > 0.05). Feed efficiency of fish fed DDG21 and DDG28 diets was lower than that of fish fed DDG0 diet (P < 0.05). The antioxidant enzyme and digestive enzyme activities were not affected by dietary DDG levels. The results of this experiment suggested that DDG is a valuable ingredient as a candidate to replace wheat flour in the diet and could be used up to 280 g kg^?1 for the growth of olive flounder. On the other hand, if lower feed efficiency of fish fed 210–280 g kg^?1 DDG is considered, up to 140 g kg^?1 DDG in diet is recommended for optimum feed utilization of fish.