西南边疆地区粮食安全问题研究

在介绍粮食安全概念的基础上,分析了西南边疆粮食安全的重要性和制约西南边疆粮食安全的因素,提出了保障西南边疆粮食安全的路径。     

Evaluation of Cold Tolerance in NERICAs Compared with Japanese Standard Rice Varieties at the Reproductive Stage

New Rice for Africa (NERICA) is a general name for interspecific rice varieties derived from a cross between the high‐yielding Asian rice (Oryza sativa L.) between locally adapted African rice (Oryza glaberrima Steud.). Eight NERICAs were evaluated for cold tolerance (CT) at the reproductive stage and compared with their O. sativa parents and three Japanese standard rice varieties over 3 years. Cold tolerance was evaluated based on the filled grain ratio (FGR) after cold water irrigation. The FGR was greatly reduced by cold water irrigation. NERICA 1, 2 and 7 had higher FGR (51.9–57.9 %), while NERICA 6, 15 and 16 had lower FGR (6.2–14.5 %). NERICA 1, 2 and 7 were less affected by cold stress, with a 31 % mean reduction in FGR, while NERICA 6, 15 and 16 were greatly affected, with their FGRs being reduced by more than 80 %. NERICA 3 and 4 were moderately affected by cold stress, with about 45 % reduction rate in FGR. FGR significantly influenced the grain weights of the varieties with strong positive correlations (r = 0.83–0.91; P < 0.001), and thus, similar trends in grain weights were observed. Grain weights were reduced by 61.7–96.4 % under cold stress. NERICA 1, 2 and 7 showed significantly better performance than NERICA 3 and 4, while NERICA 6, 15 and 16 performed poorly under cold water irrigation. The Japanese varieties Koshihikari (very tolerant) and Ozora (moderately tolerant) were more affected by cold water irrigation than NERICA 1, 2 and 7. On the basis of the mean reduction rate (%) in FGR under cold stress, the varieties were classified as follows: NERICA 1, 2 and 7 as tolerant; NERICA 3 and 4 as moderately tolerant; and NERICA 6, 15 and 16 as susceptible to cold stress. However, NERICA 7 grain yields were lower under cold stress due to both greatly reduced number of panicles per plant and number of spikelets per panicle. Therefore, NERICA 1 and 2 are suitable candidates for production in the highland regions of East Africa and should be promoted for production.     

2005-2018年澜沧江下游流域景观生态安全时空变化及其驱动因素

[目的] 分析澜沧江下游流域景观生态安全时空变化规律和驱动机制，为该流域及流经国家的人与自然协调可持续发展提供科学依据。[方法] 以2005，2010，2015和2018年4期遥感影像为数据源，通过景观指数和GIS空间分析方法评价流域景观生态安全，采用双变量空间自相关方法明确城市、道路、河流、高程、坡度、气温和降水等因素对景观生态安全的驱动作用。[结果] ①2005—2018年，澜沧江下游流域的整体景观生态安全度呈先升后降的变化特征。其中，北部和中西部景观生态安全较差，东部、南部和东南部较好，但也有恶化趋势；②各景观类型中，景观生态安全度从大到小为：水域 > 林地 > 草地 > 耕地 > 建设用地 > 裸地。其中，林地和草地的景观生态安全度存在波动，耕地和水域的景观生态安全度一直上升，而建设用地和裸地的景观生态安全度持续下降；③距城市距离、距道路距离、气温和降水等社会和气象因素对景观生态安全时空变化的驱动作用最强，距河流距离也对景观生态安全的时空变化有一定解释作用，而高程和坡度等地形因素并非澜沧江下游流域景观生态安全时空变化的主要驱动因素。[结论] 应尽量降低由人类活动引起的生态环境负荷，积极发挥气象因素对生态安全的正向效应，促进澜沧江下游流域的人与自然协调可持续发展。     

TFSQ型高效环保组合式粮食杂质清理筛的研制

通过对振动筛理、垂直风选、旋风分离与沉降系统的研究,研制出集振动筛理、风选、旋风分离沉降、含尘气流循环再利用为一体的TFSQ型高效环保组合式粮食杂质清理筛。经应用测试和专家鉴定:该设备具有清理效率高、清理过程粉尘污染小,使用维护方便、可靠性强等优点,具有广阔的市场推广前景。     

Volatile profile,fatty acids composition and total phenolics content of brewers' spent grain by-product with potential use in the development of new functional foods

Brewers' spent grain (BSG) is the insoluble residue generated from the production of wort in the brewing industry. This plant-derived by-product is known to contain significant amounts of valuable components, which remain unexploited in the brewing processes. Therefore, it is essential to develop a more detailed characterization of BSG in order to highlight its potential in developing new value-added products and simultaneously solve the environmental problems related to its discharge. The content of BSG in several biologically active compounds (fatty acids, polyphenols, flavonoids, antioxidant capacity) as well as its volatile fingerprint were assessed and compared with the composition of barley, malt and wheat flour samples. The obtained results emphasized the importance and the opportunities of the re-use of this agro-industrial by-product.     

气候变暖对我国水稻生产的综合影响及其应对策略

气候变暖已是不争的事实,预计到21世纪末全球地表平均气温仍将上升1.5℃以上。水稻是我国最重要的口粮作物,全国80%以上的人口以稻米为主食,探明气候变暖对我国“口粮绝对安全”的潜在影响意义重大。作者依据多年的田间增温试验及长期观察,并结合国内外现有研究,阐明了我国粮食主产区气候变暖的基本态势,总结发现温度升高1.5℃对我国水稻生产的潜在影响正负参半,并取决于具体的稻作季节和地区。但是,随着水稻种植制度调整,尤其是南方双季稻种植面积下降,温度升高对我国水稻生产的负面影响将逐步递增。最后,作者提出了应对气候变暖的气候智慧型稻作技术创新建议,并展望了该研究领域的重点内容和方向。     

与谢芜村的俳句、绘画艺术与中国文化

从规模与结构两方面，实证分析了我国社会性基本公共服务财政支出对居民消费的影响，同时对城乡差异性在社会性基本公共服务供给方面的表现进行了分析。实证发现：2007~2012年间，我国社会性基本公共服务财政支出对居民消费的影响不显著，并具有明显的城乡差异性。从分项来看，教育支出对居民消费的影响效果不显著，在城乡差异表现方面，教育支出对城镇居民消费的影响效果不显著，但对农村居民消费却有着一定的挤入效应；社会保障和就业支出对居民消费具有一定的挤出效应，但在城乡差异表现方面，这种影响都不显著；医疗卫生支出对居民消费具有一定的挤入效应，且挤入作用在城乡之间的差异较小。     

我国社会公平现状及实现路径

贫富差距拉大,社会保障制度不健全,教育资源配置失衡,住房问题严重,是我国社会不公平的集中表现和原因所在。完善社会保障制度,合理配置教育资源,加大住房政策改革及实施力度是关键。     

Effect of allele combinations at Ppd-1 loci on durum wheat grain filling at contrasting latitudes

Flowering time is the most critical developmental stage in wheat, as it determines environmental conditions during grain filling. Thirty-five spring durum genotypes carrying all known allele variants at Ppd-1 loci were evaluated in fully irrigated field experiments for three years at latitudes of 41°N (Spain), 27°N (northern Mexico) and 19°N (southern Mexico). Relationships between weight of central grains of main spikes (W) and thermal time from flowering to maturity were described by a logistic equation. Differences in flowering time between the allele combination causing the earliest (GS100/Ppd-B1a) and the latest (Ppd-A1b/Ppd-B1a) flowering were 7, 20 and 18 days in Spain, northern Mexico and southern Mexico, respectively. Flowering delay drastically reduced the mean grain filling rate (R) and W at all sites. At autumn-sowing sites, an increase of 1°C in mean temperature during the first half of the grain filling period decreased W by 5.2 mg per grain. At these sites, W was strongly dependent on R. At the spring-sowing site (southern Mexico), W depended on both R and grain filling duration. Our results suggest that incorporating the allele combinations GS100/Ppd-B1a and GS105/Ppd-B1a (alleles conferring photoperiod insensitivity) in newly released varieties can reduce the negative effects of climate change on grain filling at the studied latitudes.     

实时混合对抗蠕虫的建模和分析

传统的防病毒技术难以抵御蠕虫的传播，为此本文提出实时混合对抗技术，该技术在被对抗蠕虫感染的主机与易感染主机数量相等时转换对抗策略，并建立实时混合对抗蠕虫的传播模型.最后，通过仿真实验从对抗有效性、资源消耗和应对突发事件能力三个方面验证实时混合对抗技术的性能.理论分析和实验结果表明，实时混合对抗技术能更好地满足对抗有效性和低资源消耗要求，并能应对突发事件.