Carrying capacity and potential environmental impact of fish farming in the cascade reservoirs of the Paranapanema River,Brazil

The objective of this study was to simulate changes in water quality standards caused by the installation of aquaculture parks for caged fish farming in the eight large artificial reservoirs in the Paranapanema River according to the different scenarios of technical and legal limitations: (i) occupancy of 1% of the total surface of the reservoirs and (ii) occupancy according to the environmental carrying capacity. For water quality modelling, these two scenarios were simulated to determine the trophic state index (TSI) of each reservoir. Based on the total area of all reservoirs in the first scenario, the fish farm facilities would occupy 18.3 km² and have an annual fish production of an estimated 513 thousand MT. However, because of limitations in the carrying capacity, the annual production in the second scenario would be 98 thousand MT and the fish farm facilities would occupy 3.5 km². Simulating the TSI for the first scenario, approximately 75% of the total area of all reservoirs was estimated to change from oligo or mesotrophic conditions to eutrophic, supereutrophic and hypereutrophic conditions, and four reservoirs may become completely eutrophic (Canoas 2, Canoas 1, Taquaruçu and Rosana). For the second scenario, however, eutrophic areas accounted for less than 30% of the total, although the Taquaruçu and Rosana reservoirs were still at risk of total eutrophication. These results indicate as well‐intentioned legislation can have unintended environmental consequences in dynamic social–ecological aquaculture systems as in the case of large reservoirs in the Paranapanema River.     

Fish polyculture system integrated with vegetable farming improves yield and economic benefits of small‐scale farmers

This study explored the yield and economic benefits of African sharptooth catfish, Clarias gariepinus, and Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus polyculture, reared in earthen ponds for 270 days integrated with Chinese cabbage, Brassica rapa chinensis, farmed for 45 days to small‐scale farmers in Tanzania. An integrated aquaculture–agriculture (IAA) system involving fishes and vegetables resulted in three and 2.5 times higher net yield than the culture of fishes alone and farming of non‐integrated vegetables respectively. Vegetables irrigated with pond water resulted in 1.8 times higher net and annual yields than those irrigated with stream water. The practice of fish–vegetable integration and growing of vegetables irrigated with pond water produced 14 and 13 times higher net annual yield, respectively, than the culture of fishes alone. The integrated system produced 20 and 150 times more net returns compared with vegetables irrigated with pond and stream water respectively. Integrating fishes with vegetables resulted in significantly higher annual net cash flow than the farming of fishes and vegetables separately. The study revealed that integrating fishes with B. rapa chinensis increases yields, income and food production to small‐scale farmers. Thus, small‐scale farmers can adopt IAA technology to meet the increasing demand of fish and vegetables, stabilize their incomes and diversify food production, consequently improving food security. These benefits will be realized by providing proper training in IAA technology and management skills to small‐scale farmers.     

中国农业源污染防治的制度创新与组织创新——兼析《第一次全国污染源普查公报》

本文分析了中国《第一次全国污染源普查公报》的数据,认为农业已经成为中国部分水污染物的主要来源。总结国内外农业源污染防治的经验和教训,提出中国应尽快确立以生态农业为主要手段防治农业源污染的建议,并分析了因地制宜发展合作型农牧沼气复合生态农业模式的理论、物质和财政可行性及实践经验。     

2种养殖模式对鲍营养成分与低温胁迫响应的差异比较

为研究不同养殖模式中的皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis discus hannai Ino)的营养成分与低温胁迫响应的差异,采用南北接力养殖鲍和北方底播养殖鲍作为研究对象,于2021年9月取样测量了肌肉组织中的总糖、蛋白质、有机物总量和氨基酸含量等营养成分和低温胁迫下的耗氧率和心率等生理指标。结果显示,底播养殖个体的总糖含量为(3.20±0.00)%、有机物总量为(27.60±3.70)%、必需氨基酸含量为(4.19±0.09)%,均显著高于南北接力养殖的个体(P<0.05)。低温胁迫条件下,南北接力养殖和底播养殖个体的耗氧率分别为(0.017±0.006)和(0.018±0.009) mg/(g·h),无显著差异(P>0.05);然而,底播养殖个体的心率为(12.82±1.72) BPM,显著低于接力养殖个体[(18.11±2.79) BPM] (P<0.05)。研究表明,不同养殖模式显著影响皱纹盘鲍养殖个体的营养价值及其响应低温胁迫的生理过程,底播养殖个体有着更高的营养价值和低温耐受能力。此外,心率可作为高敏感性的指标应用于研究鲍等贝类响应低温胁迫的生理机制。     

Sensitivity and specificity of real‐time PCR and bacteriological culture for francisellosis in farm‐raised Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.)

Despite the worldwide occurrence of Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis (Fno) infection in farmed tilapia, sensitivity and specificity estimates of commonly used diagnostic tests have not been reported. This study aimed to estimate the sensitivity and specificity of bacteriological culture and qPCR to detect Fno infection. We tested 559 fish, sampled from four farms with different epidemiological scenarios: (i) healthy fish in a hatchery free of Fno; (ii) targeted sampling of diseased fish with suggestive external clinical signs of francisellosis during an outbreak; (iii) convenience sampling of diseased and clinically healthy fish during an outbreak; and (iv) sampling of healthy fish in a cage farm without a history of outbreaks, but with francisellosis reported in other farms in the same reservoir. The qPCR had higher median sensitivity (range, 48.8–99.5%) than culture (range, 1.6–74.4%). Culture had a substantially lower median sensitivity (1.6%) than qPCR (48.8%) to detect Fno in carrier tilapia (farm 4). Median specificity estimates for both tests were >99.2%. The qPCR is the superior test for use in surveillance and monitoring programmes for francisellosis in farmed Nile tilapia, but both tests have high sensitivity and specificity which make them fit for use in the diagnosis of Fno outbreaks.     

基于氮和磷平衡的负责任养殖模式下的养殖海区规划

以氮（N）和磷（P）2种重要营养盐为研究对象,提出负责任养殖概念,建立了基于负责任养殖模式下的鱼、藻复合养殖海区的规划模型。这一模式下仅考虑人工养殖行为,饲料作为养殖海区唯一的营养盐输入途径,鱼类和经济藻类作为营养盐输出途径,不考虑海水交换、自然海区藻类营养盐吸收、野生鱼类残饵摄食和生物降解等因素引起的营养盐吸收和转化过程。研究表明,鱼、藻复合养殖模式可以实现负责任养殖行为,但鱼类和藻类养殖规模比例悬殊,藻类羊栖菜（Sargassum fusiform e）和鱼类大黄鱼（Pseudosciaena crocea）的养殖面积比约为95：1,生物量比值约为30：1。单纯采用经济藻类养殖作为养殖海区营养盐平衡手段效果有限,可以考虑增加贝类养殖,加强海区营养盐转移功能。     

Assessment of rocky reef fish assemblages close to seaweed farming

The seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty ex P. C. Silva, a red algal species, is the main global source of Kappa carrageenan. The introduction of such exotic species in regions outside their original locale can change the community structure of the areas into which they are introduced. The possible influence of seaweed farming on the rocky reef fish assemblage was assessed in Paraty, Brazil. The reef fish assemblage in the seaweed farming area was compared before and after the commencement of farming with two undisturbed control areas. Among the ten species ranked as the most frequently occurring in each area, eight were the same. The fish community structure close to the seaweed farming area did not change from that of the control areas, over the months of the study. Neither the fish diversity and richness indices, nor the total average abundance among areas was significantly altered. The average abundance of the different trophic groups varied over time in both the farm and control areas, revealing similar patterns. These results suggest that K. alvarezii can be cultivated up to at least 50 m from a rocky coast without altering the fish community structure of the surrounding waters.     

稻虾种养新模式对稻田土壤肥力和微生物群落结构的影响

为探究稻虾种养新模式对稻田土壤肥力和微生物群落组成的影响,基于稻田土壤理化指标测定和16S rDNA扩增子高通量测序技术,比较稻虾种养新模式（NRS）、稻虾种养传统模式（TRS）和水稻单作模式（CK）对稻田土壤理化指标和微生物多样性和群落结构的影响。结果显示：与CK和TRS相比,稻虾种养新模式能显著提高土壤pH、有机质、有效磷、速效钾含量和土壤微生物多样性和丰富度。与CK相比,NRS稻田土壤细菌优势菌门中的酸杆菌门、绿弯菌门和疣微菌门相对丰度分别增加30.89%、36.38%和2.16%,变形菌门和脱硫菌门相对丰度分别降低17.96%和58.59%。与TRS相比,NRS稻田土壤细菌优势菌门中的脱硫菌门相对丰度增加14.93%,绿弯菌门、疣微菌门、变形菌门和酸杆菌门相对丰度分别降低39.29%、37.42%、16.27%和6.81%。相关性分析表明,土壤有机质、速效氮、有效磷、速效钾和pH是影响稻田土壤微生物群落结构的主要理化因子。以上研究表明,稻虾种养新模式有利于提升稻田土壤肥力,显著提高了稻田土壤微生物多样性和改善微生物群落结构;研究结果对稻虾种养新模式的示范推广具有一定的指导意义和...     

Nitrogen pools and turnover in arable soils under different durations of organic farming: I: Pool sizes of total soil nitrogen,microbial biomass nitrogen,and potentially mineralizable nitrogen

Soil organic matter contents, soil microbial biomass, potentially mineralizable nitrogen (N) and soil pH values were investigated in the Ap horizons of 14 field plots at 3 sites which had been under organic farming over various periods. The objective was to test how these soil properties change with the duration of organic farming. Site effects were significant for pH values, microbial biomass C and N, and for potentially mineralizable N at 0—10 cm depth. The contents of total organic C, total soil N, and potentially mineralizable N tended to be higher in soils after 41 versus 3 years of organic farming, but the differences were not significant. Microbial biomass C and N contents were higher after 41 years than after 3 years of organic farming at 0—10 cm depth, and the pH values were increased at 10—27 cm depth. Nine years of organic farming were insufficient to affect soil microbial biomass significantly. Increased biomass N contents help improve N storage by soil micro‐organisms in soils under long‐term organic farming.