Mapping landscapes: Integrating GIS and social science methods to model human-nature relationships in Southern Cameroon

Participatory mapping and GIS are both necessary to model the interactions between humans and their environment. A case study from the forest margin in the Congo Basin demonstrates how data from participatory community mapping and other social science methods can be prepared for quantitative modelling. This approach bridged the gap between spatial modelling data and social decision-making in space by elaborating a geographically consistent social representation of the landscape and giving a geographical base to the connection between land use, its cultural representation, and its social management. This was achieved through an iterative process of GIS cartography, using feedback from village informants and field checking, to transpose the spatial references from participatory mapping sketches into reliable geographic locations. As well as demonstrating the utility of such data for modelling, this work clarified the distribution of land rights among the six main owner-clans spread through the eight hamlets in the watershed. The ‘basin’ of spatial resources and its relation to the rules of land use and natural resource management were defined for each clan. Land-use systems at the forest-agriculture interface in the study area proved to be complex, strongly driven by social rules and influenced by history and settlement strategies. These social and historical aspects established the framework within which communities make current decisions and interventions. The authors thank the people of Akok for their collaboration and hospitality. Village technician Michel Engueng and village contact Adolphe Ze facilitated and assisted this work. Our thanks also to Julie Mbazo’o and Remy Assoumou, both members of the ‘social side’ working group of the FLORES modelling team. Christopher Legg’s contribution to the discussion of this work through his constant reviewing of the CamFlores model is gratefully recognized. Finally, thanks to the whole CIFOR-ACM team for numerous scientific and methodological inputs. The Italian Foreign Ministry funded the work of Valentina Robiglio (APO-GIS specialist) through an APO contract with IITA. The European Union (Tropical Forestry budget line DG VIII) contributed to the CIFOR’s research program on the ‘Adaptive Collaborative Management of Forests’ (ACM) in Africa, and to the Alternative to Slash and Burn (ASB) program in Cameroon on ‘Environmental Services and Rural Livelihoods’ through the World Agroforestry Centre.     

日本落叶松自由授粉家系纸浆材材性遗传变异的研究

对12年生日本落叶松自由授粉子代测定林纸浆材材质性状进行了遗传变异分析、遗传参数估计、相关分析及综合评价和选择。结果表明:家系间综纤维素含量、基本密度、早材和晚材纤维长度、早材和晚材壁腔比差异极显著或显著,10g·L-1NaOH抽出物差异也达10%水平显著。各性状受强度或中等强度的遗传控制,对日本落叶松进行家系水平的材性改良具有很大的潜力。木材密度与早、晚材壁腔比、10g·L-1NaOH抽出物呈显著正相关,与综纤维素含量呈显著负相关,与早、晚材纤维长度相互独立;晚材纤维长度与早材纤维长度存在紧密正相关,纤维长度与早材壁腔比存在显著负相关关系,与晚材壁腔比、综纤维素含量和10g·L-1NaOH抽出物相互独立;综纤维素含量与早材壁腔比呈显著负相关,与晚材壁腔比相关不显著;10g·L-1NaOH抽出物与综纤维素含量、早、晚材壁腔比均相互独立。根据对日本落叶松材质性状的综合评价结果,选出最适合作纸浆林培育的249、340、346、217和364号家系。     

First record of autochthonous canine ehrlichiosis caused by Ehrlichia canis in Romania

This case study describes the first genetically confirmed and clinically manifested autochthonous Ehrlichia canis infection in a 9‐year‐old female mixed‐breed dog from Romania. Health screening of the dog included clinical examination, evaluation of stained peripheral blood smear and hematologic variables, as well as serologic testing and molecular analysis. Clinical signs included fever, apathy, dehydration, pale mucous membranes, and weakness. The microscopic examination of the blood smear and immunologic assays for Borrelia burgdorferi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and E canis antibodies, and for Dirofilaria immitis antigen yielded negative results. Hematologic abnormalities included moderate nonregenerative anemia, leucopenia with neutropenia, and moderate thrombocytopenia. The biochemical abnormalities identified were hypoalbuminemia, and mildly increased serum enzyme activities of AST and ALT. In addition, increased urea and creatinine levels associated with low urine specific gravity and proteinuria were also present. Nested PCR amplification of the partial E canis 16S rRNA gene demonstrated the presence of this rickettsial pathogen in the dog's blood, which subsequently was confirmed through sequencing based on the 100% homology with GenBank deposited E canis isolates. After specific treatment with doxycycline (10 mg/kg, orally, SID) for one month, the proteinuria, and hematologic and serum biochemical abnormalities with the exception of mild azotemia resolved. This report supports the geographical expansion of canine ehrlichiosis caused by E canis in nonendemic regions of Europe.     

One hundred years of population ecology: Successes,failures and the road ahead

Population ecology is the most mature of the three subdisciplines of ecology partly because it has a solid mathematical foundation and partly because it can address the primary questions of distribution and abundance with experimental protocols. Yet there is much left to do to integrate our population knowledge into community and ecosystem ecology to help address the global issues of food security and the conservation of biodiversity. Many different approaches are now being developed to bring about this integration and much more research will be necessary to decide which if any will be most useful in achieving our goals of explaining the changes we see in the distribution and abundance of animals and plants. Food web ecology would appear to be the best approach at present because it uses the detailed information of the population ecology of particular species in combination with data on consumer–resource interactions to apply to the applied problems of biodiversity conservation, food security, pest management and disease prevention. If we can use our understanding of population ecology to address the practical problems of our time in a creative way, we will benefit both the human population and the Earth's biodiversity. Much remains to be done.     

三江源地区1961−2019年降水量时空变化特征

利用三江源地区13个气象站1961?2019年共59年的降水量资料,基于一元线性回归、滑动平均法、气候倾向率和重标极差分析等方法,研究源区降水量的时空演变规律和未来变化趋势.结果表明:三江源地区年均降水量为470.7?mm,并以10.31?mm·10?a?1的速率增加.黄河源区春季降水量最大,其余三季以澜沧江源区最高,...     

文蛤增养殖区主要环境因子变化规律研究

2004年和2005年分别对江苏省沿海滩涂4个具有代表性的文蛤重点增养殖区的环境因子进行了连续调查、监测和研究,主要分析测试了以下3个对文蛤生存影响较为重要的环境因子:底泥中的硫化物(S2-)、底泥渗水中的总氨氮(NH4-N)和底泥渗水中的化学需氧量(COD)。结果表明:S2-季节性变化明显,地点上随监测站位不同有显著差异;NH4-N夏季较高,其它时段基本无变化,均值远远高于上覆水体;COD含量除受气温影响外,还显著受到人类生产生活(如排污等)的影响。另外,2005年较2004年部分监测站位养殖环境有恶化趋势。     

部分肉牛类群CAPN1基因第9外显子多态性及其与肉质性状的相关性

通过研究部分肉牛类群CAPN1基因第9外显子多态性及其与肉质性状的相关性,发现与肉牛生产性状相关的分子标记,为加快肉牛选育进程,提高肉牛生产性能提供参考。采用PCR-SSCP技术对早胜牛(庆阳类群、平凉类群)、南杂牛(南德温牛×早胜牛庆阳类群)、秦杂牛(秦川牛×早胜牛平凉类群)、西杂牛(西门塔尔牛×早胜牛平凉类群)、荷斯坦奶公牛和澳洲黑牛共391头个体的CAPN1基因外显子9进行遗传变异检测,运用SPSS17.0软件分析早胜牛平凉类群遗传变异与肉质性状的关联性。结果表明,CAPN1基因第9外显子存在突变位点G458C,并检测到GG、GC和CC 3种基因型。相关性分析表明,CAPN1的G458C位点与pH、剪切力和滴水损失差异显著相关(P0.05),CC基因型剪切力和滴水损失显著低于GG和GC型(P0.05),其他性状在各基因型间差异不显著。因此,推测CAPN1基因的突变位点G458C可以作为牛肉嫩度的遗传标记。     

海洋渔业地理信息系统的发展、应用与前景

渔业科学多年来一直注重研究生物形态学、分类学、行为学、生理学、细胞学和育种学等 ,而对于鱼类种群或群聚及其组成成分在海洋中的分布格局、形成、演变及其与环境条件的关系或驱动过程等空间方面的研究较少[1] ;另一方面 ,地理信息系统 (Ｇｅｏｇｒａｐｈｉｃｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｓｙｓｔｅｍ ,ＧＩＳ)作为处理空间问题的有力工具愈来愈被各学科所接受。上世纪 80年代中后期ＧＩＳ开始应用于海洋渔业研究[2 ] ,并在 90年代得到了较大的发展[3 ] 。海洋渔业地理信息系统的发展可以分为三个阶段 :海洋渔业制图 ,海洋渔业电子图集 ,海洋…     

椒江口海域浮游动物群落季节变化特征

依据2010年4月、7月和11月对浙江鱼山渔场-椒江口近海海域的海洋调查资料,分析该海域浮游动物生物量、丰度、优势种和多样性指数等生态特征的季节变化及其与浮游植物丰度之间的关系。结果表明:浮游动物生物量、丰度、优势种和多样性指数均存在明显的季节变化,其中春季浮游动物生物量和丰度均是3个季节最高,丰度的高值区位于调查海域的南部,中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)占绝对优势;夏季浮游动物生物量和丰度次之,丰度的高值区在大陈岛西南海域,以中华哲水蚤、太平洋纺锤水蚤(Acartia pacifica)、精致真刺水蚤(Euchaeta concinna)和海龙箭虫(Sagitta nagae)占优势;秋季浮游动物生物量和丰度最低,丰度分布较为均匀,以肥胖箭虫(Sagitta enflata)和双生水母(Diphyes chamissonis)占优势。浮游动物丰度调查结果与同时期浮游植物丰度的调查结果相比,3个季节浮游植物与浮游动物丰度的高值区并不一致,这是因为影响浮游植物丰度的主要因素是营养盐和光照,而浮游动物的分布主要是受水团和海流的影响。上述生态特性的季节变化规律与椒江口海域的季节性水团变化密切相关,春季以低温低盐性质的沿岸流为主,夏季受高温高盐性质的台湾暖流水影响,水团的转换使调查水域的营养盐、温度、盐度和透明度等发生变化,从而进一步影响到浮游动物的生态特征。