废弃烟沫堆置发酵有机肥腐熟菌种的分离、筛选和鉴定

[目的]为加速烟草废弃物的资源化利用,筛选适合废弃烟沫快速发酵腐熟的微生物菌种成为资源化利用的重要一环。[方法]利用纤维素刚果红选择性培养基,分别从废弃烟丝、腐熟牛粪、油枯有机肥和味精下脚料等田固体废弃物中分离筛选腐熟菌种,并进行复筛、纯化和鉴定。[结果]共筛得16株腐熟菌株,其中复筛出6株高效菌株分别为F1、F2、F3、N1、N2、W1。经16S r DNA和Biolog鉴定,该6种菌菌株分别为Bacillus subtillis,Bacillus subtillis,Bacillus amyloliquefaciens,Bacillus amyloliquefaciens,Mycobacterium vaccae,Bacillis amyloliquefaciens;纤维素分解能力试验结果表明,6种降解菌对烟沫中纤维素的降解能力为N1F3N2F2F1W1;在烟碱浓度为低浓度0.1%时耐烟碱能力为F2F3=N1W1F1N2,在烟碱浓度为高浓度0.5%时耐烟碱能力为F2F3N1N2W1=F1,同时N1与N2、N1与F1、N1与F2之间没有拮抗作用。[结论]N1与N2复配构成废弃烟沫专用腐熟菌种为最佳选择。     

秸秆腐熟剂对水稻秸秆还田应用效果的影响研究

秸秆腐熟剂对水稻秸秆还田应用效果试验结果表明,水稻秸秆还田施用秸秆腐熟剂能提高水稻产量,最高增产850.5 kg/hm2,增产率8.4%。同时有效促进了水稻秸秆快速腐解,土壤容重略有下降、CEC值有所增加,对提高土壤保水保肥能力、培肥地力有一定的效果。     

樟树光合特性的季节动态

樟树（ Cinnamonum campora）春、夏、秋季净光合速率日动态均呈现“双峰型”曲线,而冬季为“单峰型”曲线,其日最大净光合速率和日均值存在明显的季节变化,由大到小的排序均为夏季（9．06、7．03μmol· m-2· s-1）、秋季（7．23、5．96μmol· m-2· s-1）、春季（6．91、5．58μmol· m-2· s-1）、冬季（5．60、4．32μmol· m-2· s-1）。基于指数改进模型估算的樟树不同季节光合参数分析得出,樟树光补偿点、光饱和点、最大净光合速率、暗呼吸速率均呈现显著的季节变化,夏季樟树光补偿点（63．44μmol· m-2· s-1）最大,春、秋、冬季（均约为52．3μmol· m-2· s-1）没有显著差异;夏季的光饱和点（1625．70μmol· m-2· s-1）、最大净光合速率（9．19μmol· m-2· s-1）最大,春季（1519．39、6．80μmol· m-2· s-1）和秋季（1509．53、7．71μmol· m-2· s-1）两者没有显著差异,冬季最小（1267．31、5．31μmol· m-2· s-1）;樟树夏季暗呼吸速率（2．53μmol· m-2· s-1）最大,春、秋、冬季（均约为1．4μmol· m-2· s-1）没有显著差异。可见,樟树为强阳性树种,一年四季均具有较好的净光合速率和生长潜力。     

指数施肥对斑叶稠李苗木生物量分配、光合作用及根系形态的影响

Biomass allocation,photosynthesis and root morphology of Padus maackii one-year-old bare-root seedlings under constant fertilization ( CF ) , exponential fertilization ( EF ) , doubled exponential fert...     

不同秸秆腐熟剂在小麦秸秆上的应用效果研究

作物秸秆是地球上最丰富的可再生资源之一,在自然环境下难以腐解,使用秸秆腐熟剂,能加速秸秆的腐解,同时还能促进作物产量的提高。本试验主要验证5种秸秆腐熟剂对小麦秸秆的腐熟情况以及对水稻生长的影响,为大田秸秆还田施用腐熟剂提供科学依据。     

用分解矩阵形式表达的Broyden族校正公式

在Broyden凸族建立了Hesse近似矩阵关于目标函数梯度向量等内积分解矩阵的校正公式,从而把由校正矩阵的等内积分解矩阵确定搜索方向的DFP和BFGS算法推广到Broyden凸族．     

室内模拟条件下玉米秸秆的分解特征及物质组成变化

以玉米秸秆为材料,研究了在室内模拟的条件下不同处理的玉米秸秆的腐解率、粗纤维以及全钾含量的变化。结果表明,随着腐解时间的延长,各处理的腐解率不断增大,在其他条件一致的前提下,添加微生物的处理平均腐解率 大于未添加微生物的处理,秸秆长度为1 cm的处理平均腐解率大于秸秆长度为3 cm的处理;粗纤维含量的变化总体趋势是下降,其他条件一致的前提下,秸秆长度为1 cm的处理粗纤维含量小于秸秆长度为3 cm的处理,在添加物微生物的处理中秸秆长度为1 cm且C/N=25的处理粗纤维平均含量最小,其含量为31.57%;其他条件一致的前提下,秸秆长度为1 cm的处理全钾含量大于秸秆长度为3 cm的处理。     

土壤湿度和机械长度对棉花秸秆分解率的影响

新疆棉花秸秆产量巨大,但是棉花秸秆的木质素和纤维素含量较高,不易被分解,很难作为饲料利用。本文研究了棉花秸秆在不同条件(土壤水分、棉花机械长度)处理下的分解速率。从土壤水分条件来看,棉花秸秆在50%土壤饱和含水量下的分解最为理想,其分解率在100 d后达到54.08%;从棉花秸秆粉碎程度来看,棉花秸秆粉碎越细越有利于其分解,但是3 cm处理100 d后分解率为54.12%,而1 cm处理100 d后分解率只有47.42%,说明棉花秸秆分解需要一定的孔隙度。另外,棉花秸秆分解之后对土壤肥力也有很大影响。此次试验结果可为推广大田试验提供科学依据。     

Evidence for long‐term spatial displacement of breeding and pupping harbour seals by shellfish aquaculture over three decades

• 1. Shellfish mariculture is increasing worldwide and often occurs adjacent to marine mammal breeding and feeding habitat. To better understand breeding pinniped vulnerability to potential shellfish mariculture disturbance and displacement effects in a US National Park, potential mechanisms were explored that may affect the proportion of harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) selecting high quality haul‐out sites near shellfish aquaculture within a large colony, and overall seal utilization of that colony in relation to other regional colonies.
• 2. Seal haul‐out sites isolated from the mainland (no predator access) had higher pup:adult ratios, indicating they are generally more important for pupping. Short‐term human disturbance did not have a significant effect on spatial use, but rather spatial use was pre‐determined by general sandbar isolation. Using multiple competing hypothesis and an information‐theoretic approach, it was found that within the estuary, after removing effects of El Niño, the proportion of seals (total seals and pups only) hauled out near mariculture sites was 8 ± 2% lower during years of higher oyster harvest. Annual oyster harvest was used as a measure of aquaculture activity that could result in direct disturbance or indirect displacement of harbour seals.
• 3. At the regional scale, oyster harvest, seal counts at a nearby colony, and loss of a major haul‐out site within the estuary, best explained pup and total seal use compared with the region. Regional population size, short‐term human disturbance rate, and other factors were not important. Concurrent with higher oyster harvest, the proportion of regional seals using the estuary declined by 7 ± 2% for seal pups (–65 ± 18 total pups), and 5 ± 2% for total counts ( ? 192 ± 58 total seals). These findings (both within the estuary and at the regional scale) were essentially identical whether modelling oyster harvest as either a continuous or categorical (low/high) variable and when using either frequentist or Bayesian statistical analyses.
• 4. Marine reserves set aside for wildlife may be less effective when the highest quality breeding and pupping sites are adjacent to regular aquaculture activities. These effects may not be detectable until additional natural variation lowers the quality of nearby habitats. Published in 2011. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.

     

拖拉机驾驶员颈部疲劳的肌电评价

为了了解拖拉机驾驶员颈部疲劳状况,该文在模拟拖拉机倒车作业的基础上,对驾驶员颈部胸锁乳突肌的表面肌电信号进行了测试,选取积分肌电值、平均功率频率、小波分解系数等特征量对肌电信号进行时域、频域以及时频域分析。结果表明：拖拉机驾驶员颈部疲劳后胸锁乳突肌的积分肌电值、平均功率频率、小波分解系数都降低,疲劳前后各特征量存在显著性差异（P＜0.05）,这些特征量都可以有效评价拖拉机驾驶员的颈部疲劳。