逆固相基质分散净化和气质联机检测土壤中的六氯苯残留

建立了逆固相基质分散净化和气质联机法(GC-MS)快速、简便测定土壤中六氯苯(HCB)残留量的方法。以丙酮-正己烷(1∶ 1,体积比)为提取剂,采用超声波萃取,经固相基质PSA(primary secondary amine)吸附净化后采用GC-MS选择离子模式检测。结果表明,六氯苯在0.05~5 mg/L浓度范围内呈现出较好的线性关系,相关系数R2=0.999 5; 方法检测限为0.3 μg/kg,定量限为0.9 μg/kg,在0.89、1.78、8.90 mg/kg 3个添加水平上的平均回收率分别为106.6％、108.2％和108.1％。用该方法测定了天津某生产厂厂区地下1~10 m深的土壤样本,发现六氯苯的残留量在2.3~25 912 mg/kg 之间,表现出显著的空间变异趋势。该方法快速、简便、经济、高效、实用并且安全,适合大批量样本中六氯苯的快速检测。     

仲丁威三种测定方法的比较

本文采用反相高效液相色谱法和改进的气相色谱法对仲丁威含量进行了测定,并与ＣＩＰＡＣ采用的正相高效液相色谱法测定了进行了比较。结果表明,反相液相色谱法与正相液相色谱法等效,气相色谱法经改进后降低了仲丁威的热分解,三种方法对仲丁威原药及乳油含量的测定结果的相对误差在允许的范围之内。     

Collection,Analysis, and Utilization of Biogas from Anaerobic Treatment of Crab Processing Waters

Abstract

Two laboratory-scale, upflow anaerobic reactors were constructed to treat blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) cooking wastewater for determination of the volume and composition of the resulting bio-gas. Both systems (A and B) consisted of two 4-liter (L) upflow anaerobic reactors and one 8-L aerobic reactor in series. The first anaerobic reactor of System A contained 240,12.7 mm foam cubes, while the first anaerobic reactor of System B contained 180 foam pieces (25.4 ×25.4 ×12.7 mm). Biogas production rates for System A ranged from 6.6 L gas/L feed to 10.0 L gas/L feed. Mean values for System B ranged from 7.1 L gas/L feed to 11.9 L gas/L feed. Methane and carbon dioxide comprised 68% and 28%, respectively, of the gas from both systems. Hydrogen sulfide averaged 1.5% and 1.4% for systems A and B, respectively. A pilot-scale biogas collection and utilization system was also constructed and successfully demonstrated. Details of the pilot-scale system design are provided in the paper to help processors better understand how the technology might be applied.     

不同工艺对牛粪堆沤肥过程气体排放的影响

堆沤肥是中国畜禽粪便处理利用的最主要方式。为探究不同堆沤肥方式对温室气体和氨气排放规律和温室效应，在北京市密云区开展了为期71d的堆沤肥试验，以牛粪和玉米秸秆为原料，分析了静态堆沤 (T1)、堆沤+翻抛 (T2)、堆沤+覆膜 (T3)、翻抛+覆膜 (T4)等4种方式对堆沤肥过程中腐熟度、温室气体和氨气等指标的影响。结果表明，4个处理的种子发芽指数分别达到131.33%、134.49%、108.76%和136.24%，均满足堆肥产品的腐熟度要求（≥70%）。翻抛有利于CO₂、N₂O和NH₃的排放，而覆膜抑制了N₂O的生成，T2处理的增温潜势最高，T3处理的增温潜势最低，较对照组T1处理减排20.14%。因此，T3处理在能够保证堆肥产品的腐熟度要求的前提下，还可有效减少增温潜势。该研究可为中小养殖场户堆沤肥的工艺优化实践提供技术指导。     

提高天然气流量计量的准确度

叙述了天然气计算技术的现状及发展趋势，分析了孔板流量计在天然气工业应用中存在的问题，指出了提高天然气流量计量准确度的措施，提出了解决孔板开孔直角入口边缘尖锐度钝化和测量范围窄等问题的新思路。     

铁路油罐车清洗时油气浓度的计算

应用移动式清洗设备清洗铁路油罐之前进行通风换气十分必要，分析了铁路油罐车有／无残存油品两种情况下的通风换气过程，推导了在这两种情况下油气浓度随时间变化的关系式，其计算结果对铁罐车清洗确定换气时间具有十分重要的意义。     

低温氮气油雾对陶瓷刀具加工镍基K424合金的影响

在于切削、低温氮气和低温氮气油雾3种冷却润滑条件下,通过Sialon陶瓷刀具和SiC晶须增韧Al2O3陶瓷刀具车削K424镍基高温合金的实验,研究了低温氮气及油雾对刀具磨损和表面粗糙度的影响,开发了一个新的冷却系统以获得低温氮气.试验结果表明,切深线沟槽磨损严重限制陶瓷刀具使用寿命,与干切削相比,使用低温氮气和低温氮气油雾增加了切深线沟槽磨损速率,但降低了已加工表面的质量.     

埋地钢质输气管道的检测与评估技术

针对运行多年的输气管道出现的防腐层龟裂、破损和剥离以及管道承压能力下降的状况,提出了以多种检测方法为基础,采用相关理论和标准解决管道防腐层问题和对管道的剩余寿命进行评估的方法.认为通过检测与评估技术的应用,可以实现管道运行状态的监控,保障输气管道的安全运行.     

Shafer气液联动执行机构异常关断事故树分析

输气管道干线截断球阀的气液联动执行机构经常出现误关断的情况,严重影响了管道的安全运行和企业效益.利用事故树定量分析的方法对异常关断事故进行了系统分析.阐述了气液联动执行机构自动关断的原理,利用事故树法详细分析了造成气液联动执行机构异常关断的各种因素,并对各个因素的影响程度进行了定量计算.对可能导致异常关断的29个基本事件进行定量分析后可知：人为失误、ESD误触发、电磁阀掉电、引压管冰堵等因素是造成气液联动执行机构误关断的重要原因.事故树分析结果与管道实际运行情况一致,表明事故树分析方法在实际生产应用中是合理有效的.     

Energy and resource consumption of land-based Atlantic salmon smolt hatcheries in the Pacific Northwest (USA)

This paper evaluates the resource and energy requirements of six different types of land-based, hatchery production systems located in the U.S. Pacific Northwest: flow-through with a gravity water supply, flow-through with a pumped water supply, flow-through with pure oxygen, partial reuse system, partial reuse with heating, and a reuse system for the production of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts. Key parameters used in the evaluation include direct energy, indirect energy, transportation energy, greenhouse gas emissions, and pollutant discharges.Power (electricity and natural gas) and feed energy accounted for the majority of the required energy for all the rearing option evaluated. The sum of the fixed capital and chemicals components accounted for less than 2–12% of the total energy budget for any rearing option. The energy efficiency (energy output/energy input) of the six options ranges from 0.97% for flow-through with pumped supply to 3.49% for the flow-through with gravity supply. The rearing options with the three highest energy efficiencies were flow-through with gravity supply (3.49%), partial reuse (2.75%), and reuse (2.64%).On a kg of smolt produced basis, the six rearing options showed a wide range in performance. The reuse system had the lowest water (2 m³ kg^− 1) and land (0.13 m² kg^− 1) requirements and the third lowest total energy requirement (288 MJ kg^− 1). The partial reuse system had the second lowest total power requirement (276 MJ kg^− 1), a low land requirement (0.21 m² kg^− 1), and moderate water requirements (33 m³ kg^− 1). The partial reuse with temperature control had the second highest total power requirement (657 MJ kg^− 1) and land and water requirements similar to the partial reuse system without temperature control. The flow-through system with pumped water supply had the highest water (289 m³ kg^− 1), land (2.19 m² kg^− 1), and energy requirements (786 MJ kg^− 1) of any of the rearing options. By comparison, the flow-through system with gravity water supply had the lowest energy requirement (218 MJ kg^− 1), a moderate land requirement (0.78 m² kg^− 1), and a high water requirement (214 m³ kg^− 1). The ranking of the six rearing options based capital and operating costs are likely to be quite different from those based on energy, water, and greenhouse gas emissions.