深翻犁翻转机构的研究与分析

以1LX-S-65悬挂翻转式深翻犁翻转机构为对象,对其立式液压油缸进行运动分析,并建立了翻转机构的数学模型。通过对翻转机构的受力分析及计算液压油缸的相关参数,设计了能够实现1LX-S-65深翻犁地头顺利平稳翻转的翻转机构,从而以较小的换向冲击确保犁的成功越中和换向。     

垄作沟灌土壤水盐分布及作物产量试验研究

对垄作沟灌土壤水盐分布及作物产量进行了田间试验.结果表明,灌水定额为400 m³/hm²时,沟底土壤水分的垂直运动明显增大.当灌水定额增加100 m³/hm²时,土壤水分水平运动高于垂直运动.沟底土壤全盐量受灌水定额影响明显:在灌水阶段,沟底表层土壤发生脱盐现象.土壤蒸发阶段,土壤发生积盐现象.垄顶土壤含盐量相对稳定,基本不发生向下运移.重度水分亏缺(处理T1,灌溉定额为1 700 m³/hm²)垄、沟积盐量分别为1.49,1.35 kg/m²,中度水分亏缺(处理T2,灌溉定额为2 100 m³/hm²)垄沟积盐量分别为1.42,1.12 kg/m²,充分灌水(处理T3,灌溉定额为2 500 m³/hm²)垄、沟积盐量分别为1.32,0.83 kg/m²,畦灌措施使0~100 cm土壤发生脱盐现象,脱盐量为1.29 kg/m².垄作沟灌下,制种玉米产量为2 765.1~4 619.5 kg/hm²,WUE为0.755~0.969 kg/m³.穗长(L_s)、穗粗(d_s)、行粒数(N_R)与作物产量呈显著正相关关系.     

Describing Polygonum aviculare emergence in different tillage systems

Effects of four tillage systems (direct drill, subsoiler, chisel plough and mouldboard plough) on the dynamics of Polygonum aviculare populations were studied over three growing seasons. Cumulative emergence on a weekly basis was determined. Cumulative emergence from two years of chisel ploughing was used to develop an emergence model for P. aviculare based on hydrothermal time. Results showed that direct drilling, which had the highest seed yields of winter cereal crops every season, was the unique soil management system that lowered P. aviculare populations because of effective weed emergence reduction. The model accurately described seedling emergence in different tillage systems, although it failed in direct drilling, probably due to very low numbers of emerged seedlings. To better control this weed, direct drilling may be the best tillage option, but if this cannot be implemented, the hydrothermal time model is a practical tool that can describe the relative proportions of emergence and assist in the timing for management operations of P. aviculare in different tillage systems.     

小麦/玉米垄沟套作条件下施肥部位对土壤水氮分布的影响

通过旱棚小车模拟小麦/玉米垄沟套作种植试验,研究了3种不同垄沟部位(垄顶、垄底和沟中)施肥对小麦/玉米生长和产量及土壤水氮分布的影响。结果表明:相同灌水条件下,施肥部位对垄沟套作水分分布影响不显著,但土壤硝态氮的分布差异较大;垄顶施肥和垄底施肥处理下,由于水肥异区,其垄上小麦生长带的硝态氮主要分布在0~30 cm土层,有效地减少了硝态氮向土壤深层淋溶,而后期沟内玉米生长带的水氮处理相同,因此其硝态氮分布差异较小;在相同灌水条件下,垄沟套作可以有效降低水分流失,减少氮肥损失,因此较传统平作更有利于作物生长,提高小麦、玉米的产量,且以垄顶施肥和垄底施肥效果最显著,小麦产量较平作分别增加11.47%、10.81%,玉米产量较平作分别增加18.87%、22.70%。     

旱地全膜双垄沟玉米精量播种机的设计与试验

为满足旱地全膜双垄沟农艺技术要求,设计了一种玉米精量播种机。为实现播种机平稳工作、保证膜下播种深度,采用双向平行四杆仿形机构,根据初始工作角和最大上下仿形量,确定了仿形机构的各项尺寸参数,上下仿形量可达到98.35 mm,左右仿形角达到15.2°,满足仿形播种要求;为减少漏播,降低空穴率,采用凸轮-平面连杆开启式穴播轮;借助ADAMS软件对穴播器成穴过程进行仿真分析,探讨了穴播轮滑移率对穴孔形状的影响,并以此对播种机的前进速度进行优化,降低了空穴错位率。田间试验结果表明：全膜双垄沟播玉米精量播种机作业后空穴率为0.9%,穴粒数合格率为93.6%,膜下播种深度合格率为91.8%,穴位错孔率为2.5%,作业质量符合行业技术标准要求。     

垄作沟灌水分入渗模拟与灌水沟断面优化

以石羊河流域民勤地区为例,采用典型土壤实测土壤水分运动参数,应用Hydrus软件模拟不同沟型、不同垄宽条件下沟灌土壤水分运动,并研究了湿润锋推进过程,建立了沟灌土壤水分二维入渗模型,分析了灌水均匀度。结果表明:沟形相同条件下,竖向湿润锋的推进距离与沟底宽及水深呈正相关关系;水平湿润锋的推进距离由沟中水位决定;沟灌累计入渗量由灌水沟湿周的大小决定,入渗初期符合幂函数形式,入渗后期符合线性形式;同种土壤在沟深与水深相同时,V型沟横向灌水均匀度高于梯形沟,且水位越高均匀度越高。     

Effect of tillage intensity on weed infestation in organic farming

Conservation tillage is not yet widely accepted by organic farmers because inversion tillage is considered to be necessary for weed control. Three long-term experiments were established with combinations of reduced and conventional plough tillage and stubble tillage to determine weed infestation levels in organic farming, i.e. herbicide application being excluded. Experiment 1 (with very low stocking density of perennial weeds) showed that in presence of primary tillage by mouldboard ploughing the number of annual weeds was nearly unaffected by the mode of stubble tillage. In experiment 2, however, with Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) being artificially established, thistle density was significantly affected by stubble tillage and by a perennial grass–clover forage crop. Experiment 3 combined two levels of stubble tillage (skimmer plough, no stubble tillage = control) with four implements of primary tillage in the order of decreasing operation depth (deep mouldboard plough, double-layer plough, shallow mouldboard plough or chisel plough). Primary tillage by chisel plough resulted in significantly highest annual weed density compared to all other treatments. The natural C. arvense infestation in experiment 3 showed highest shoot density in the “skimmer plough/chisel plough” treatment compared to the lowest infestation in the “skimmer plough/double-layer plough” treatment. The poor capacity of the chisel plough for weed control was also reflected by the soil seed bank (5500 m⁻² C. arvense seeds for chisel plough, <300 seeds for all other primary tillage). A reduced operation depth of the mouldboard plough (“shallow mouldboard plough”) seemed to have an insufficient effect in controlling C. arvense infestation as well. Stubble tillage by the skimmer plough in addition to nearly any primary tillage operation largely reduced both annual weeds and thistle shoots. Most effective in controlling C. arvense was also a biennial grass–clover mixture as part of the crop rotation.Double-layer ploughing is a compromise between soil inversion and soil loosening/cutting and can be regarded as a step towards conservation tillage. In terms of controlling annual weeds and C. arvense, the double-layer plough was not inferior to a deep mouldboard plough and seems to be suitable for weed control in organic farming. Tilling the stubble shallowly after harvest can support weed control in organic farming remarkably, particularly in reducing C. arvense. If no noxious, perennial weeds occur and primary tillage is done by soil inversion, an omission of stubble tillage can be taken into consideration.     

隆德县玉米全膜覆盖沟播栽培技术

全膜覆盖能最大限度的保蓄玉米生长期间的全部降雨,使降水利用率达到90%左右。从选茬整地、科学施肥、规格起垄、覆膜播种、田间管理等方面介绍了隆德干旱区旱地玉米全膜覆盖沟播栽培技术,为隆德县玉米高产优质提供了有力的技术支撑。     

小麦垄作高效节水技术应用与探讨

结合当地光热资源实际,应用小麦垄作高效节水技术设计了小麦垄作套种玉米栽培试验,旨在为高产高效栽培提供新途径。试验结果表明,小麦垄作套种玉米栽培条件下,单产提高33.0%～35.8%,水分利用效率提高9kg/mm·hm^2,肥料利用效率提高4.60%～4.94%。     

灌水方式对不同施肥水平烤烟产量和品质的影响

 【目的】为寻找烟田节水调质灌溉方式的理论依据,本文在不同施肥水平下,研究不同沟灌方式对烤烟产量和品质的影响。【方法】分别在低肥和高肥条件下进行3种不同沟灌方式即常规每沟灌水（CF）,固定隔沟灌水（FFI）和交替隔沟灌水（AFI）的田间试验,并测定产量和烟叶的化学成分。【结果】AFI和FFI处理在减少40%灌水量条件下,与CF相比,在低肥和高肥时AFI处理的烟叶产量分别提高7.8%和8.5%,单位肥料烟叶生产量分别提高7.9%和8.6%;而FFI处理的烟叶产量分别下降0.4%和1.7%,单位肥料烟叶生产量分别下降0.5%和1.8%。且低肥处理的单位肥料生产量均比高肥处理高。同时,AFI处理能提高烟叶中总糖、还原糖、氮、钾和粗蛋白含量,与CF相比,在低肥和高肥时分别提高4.0%和4.0%、1.9%和6.6%、3.8%和5.0%、23.8%和40.1%、2.2%和9.7%;而AFI处理的烟叶中烟碱和氯含量在低肥和高肥时则分别下降7.4%和22.8%、4.8%和7.1%。【结论】AFI能节约灌水量,对烤烟产量有一定的提高作用,并能改善烤烟内在品质;而且交替沟灌与合理施肥相结合,其有利作用可以得到更好地发挥。