Effects of rake angle of chisel plough on soil cutting factors and power requirements: A computer simulation

A computer simulation was conducted to predict the effects of rake angle of a chisel plough and soil bulk density on angle of soil failure plane, rupture distance, width of side crescent, frictional, overburden, cohesion and adhesion soil cutting factors, draft forces and drawbar power requirements. The experimental work was carried out in two locations. Soil of the first location was sandy clay with the soil bulk densities of 1.75 and 1.70 g/cm³ for firm and loose soil conditions, respectively, with an angle of internal friction of 30° and a surface friction angle of 20°, cohesion of 2.5 kN/m² and adhesion of 1.2 kN/m². Soil of the second location was clay loam with the soil bulk densities of 1.65 and 1.50 g/cm³ for firm and loose soil conditions, respectively, with an angle of internal friction of 34° and a surface friction angle of 23°, cohesion of 2.4 kN/m² and adhesion of 1.14 kN/m². The prediction showed that the angle of failure plane found to decrease with the rake angle. The rupture distance decreased with the rake angle from 15° to 55° and then increased as the rake angle increased over 55°. The width of the side crescent increased as the rake angle increased and the maximum value and the minimum value were recorded at 75° and at 15°. Values of frictional and overburden factors decreased as rake angle increased. The maximum and minimum values were recorded at 15° and 75°, respectively. The values of cohesion factor increased as rake angle increased. The maximum value was recorded at rake angle of 75° and the minimum value was recorded at rake angle of 15°. Adhesion factor was found to change inversely with the rake angle from 15° to 55° and then to change directly with the rake angle over 55°. The draft force decreased with the rake angle and reached its minimum value at 45° rake angle. Over 45°, the draft force increased and reached its maximum value at 75° rake angle. The draft increased with soil bulk density. The power required for moving the plough recorded the maximum value at rake angle of 15°, while the minimum value was recorded at 55° rake angle. The values of power increased with decrease of soil bulk density. The predicted values demonstrated some deviations from the experimental values of the draft force and the drawbar power.     

半干旱区海水灌溉农田土壤盐分运移规律的研究

对在海侵灾害最严重的莱州湾地区,在油葵生育期内利用不同浓度的海水直接灌溉两次,研究0～40cm土层土壤盐分及Na^ 、CI^-、Ca^2 、Mg^2 、K^ 含量的分布、迁移规律,为确定合适的灌溉定额和灌溉次数提供最基础的技术参数。结果表明：①60％以上浓度海水灌溉,5～40cm土层土壤盐分呈积累趋势,次生盐渍化明显;40％海水灌溉后轻微积盐．若无充沛的雨水淋洗,则须结合一定的农业措施以防造成次生盐害;20％海水浓度在灌溉定额为800m^3／hm^2时能保持土壤盐分的盈亏平衡。②Na^ 和CI^-主要分布在5～20cm土层,而Ca^2 和Mg^2 主要在20∽40cm土层,K^ 则极易被淋洗而迁移到40cm以下土层。③0～5cm土层盐分变化剧烈,在油葵整个生育期降雨量为171．7mm的情况下,至收获期时,各处理均能降至灌海水前的水平。     

麦秸还田耕层酚酸变化及其对夏玉米生长的影响

对大田条件下麦秸腐解过程中产生的主要化感物质酚酸的 变化及其对夏玉米吸肥量和产量的影响研究结果表明，秸秆还田可增加土壤中酚酸浓度，秸杆还田后酚酸产生的高峰期在翻埋后40d左右，施N、P化肥处理的土壤中酚酸含量较低，酚酸对夏玉米幼苗根系的生长有明显抑制作用，而对玉米产量及肥料吸收利用的影响不显著。     

校园基地土壤理化性质及其改良对策

试验测定了校园基地土壤耕层的一般理化性状,得出如下结论:①花卉基地、菜地土壤结构较好,富含有机质、水解性氮、速效磷,这是多年培肥改土的结果。②蓍草园、桃园土壤有机质含量不高,缺少速效钾。经改良可进一步利用。③学生宿舍院内荒地理化性状均差,目前不宜直接利用。同时提出了相应的土壤改良措施。     

不同栽培模式对水稻生长发育及产量的影响

为了寻求超高产水稻的栽培模式,以覆膜厢畦式、厢畦式、常规三种栽培模式为研究对象,对不同模式水稻的根重及白根数、SPAD值、光合强度等生理指标和产量进行系统的比较研究。结果表明:在这几项生理指标上,覆膜厢畦式栽培要显著高于厢畦式栽培,厢畦式栽培显著高于常规栽培。特别在完熟期,与厢畦式、常规栽培相比,覆膜厢畦式栽培总根量分别增加11.5%和33.3%;白根数是其3.1倍和17.0倍;SPAD值高7.7%和67.4%;光合速率增加45.6%和62.3%。在水稻超高产模式创建方面,覆膜厢畦式优势明显。     

马铃薯覆膜双垄集雨沟播技术效益研究

在低温阴湿区代表性区域宁夏泾源县进行的马铃薯覆膜技术效益试验结果表明:全膜覆盖栽培的增产增收效果优于半膜覆盖栽培,且增温保湿效果较明显;覆膜时期以秋季最佳,其次是早春覆膜,而播期覆膜的效果最差。     

基于水量平衡的膜孔沟灌水流推进模型研究

【目的】研究建立膜孔沟灌水流推进模型,通过分析膜孔沟灌水流推进过程,准确、方便确定膜孔沟灌灌水技术要素、田间平均入渗率和糙率。【方法】通过引入地表储水形状系数、下渗水形状系数和膜孔沟灌入渗方程,建立基于水量平衡的膜孔沟灌水流推进模型,并通过田间试验对模型进行检验。【结果】模型检验表明,试验实测数据与模型计算值吻合较好;对田间膜孔沟灌试验验证模型计算误差绝对值均值的分析可知,试验中各灌水沟除个别组误差绝对值均值大于5%外,其余均在5%以下;多组灌水沟的误差绝对值均值小于4%,可以满足膜孔沟灌灌水技术指标确定的需要。【结论】所建模型具有较为严谨的物理基础,计算求解方便、精度较高,具有较强实用性。     

高海拔冷凉区西芹高效栽培技术研究

在甘肃河西走廊沿祁连山高海拔冷凉气候区开展西芹种植密度、节水灌溉及有机肥施用技术研究。结果表明:该区域西芹最佳种植密度为7 411株/667m2,垄植沟灌,垄面宽40cm、垄沟宽20cm、每垄种2行、株距30cm。应用隔沟交替灌溉(灌水量为正常灌水量的80%)对西芹的生长和产量无显著影响,水分利用率为75.1kg/m3,较对照增加16.0%。配施矿物质有机肥可以显著降低西芹硝酸盐含量,提高单重和产量,增加效益;在当地最佳施肥水平下减量10%并配施矿物质有机肥150kg/667m2与当地最佳施肥水平处理的西芹产量没有显著性差异。     

提高燕沟流域粮田生产力试验示范

燕沟流域通过坡耕地改梯田、推广抗旱高产品种和地膜覆盖技术、增加化肥投入、大垄沟规范化种植、调整粮食作物种植比例,改造了生产要素组合条件,使粮食单产稳步提高,粮田生产力发生了较大的跃迁。到2000年,燕沟流域粮食作物播种面积较1997年减少了59.1%,粮食平均单产较1997年翻了两番,粮食总产量较1997年提高了33.7%,实现了减地不减产和增产增效的效果。     

减穴增株在半干旱区全膜双垄沟播玉米上的应用研究

为进一步优化全膜双垄沟播玉米生产技术,2020 — 2022年在甘肃省中部半干旱雨养农业区研究了玉米减穴增株高产高效栽培技术。试验采用全膜双垄沟播技术,设每穴留苗1株(对照)、留苗2 株、留苗3 株、留苗4株4个处理,观察各处理下玉米经济性状、生育期和产量。结果表明,在密度相同的情况下,全膜双垄沟播玉米每穴留苗3株、4株主要性状明显优于每穴留苗1株。每穴苗4株玉米折合产量为7 723.48 kg/hm2,较每穴留苗1株增产723.48 kg/hm2,增产率10.34%;每穴留苗3株为7 549.24 kg/hm2,较每穴留苗1株增产549.24 kg/hm2,增产率7.85%,增产效果明显。该种植模式适宜在海拔2 000 m以下、年降水量350～500 mm的半干旱雨养农业区应用。