Constitutive nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activities in big-head carp (Aristichthys nobilis)

Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of nitric oxide (NO), an important biological messenger from L-arginine. There are considerable evidence showing the expression of NOS in mammalian tissues. Information on distribution of NOS activities in various organs and tissues of fish is rare. Non-functional NOS activities were documented in fish semi-quantitatively either by an indirect nicotine-adenine-dinucleotide-phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d) activity histochemical staining method or by an immunohistochemical method using a cross-reacting antibody to brain NOS. Report on the functional levels of NOS activities in fish is lacking. This report represent the first attempt to document the functional NOS levels in various fish organs and tissues. Constitutive NOS (cNOS) activities in various organs of big-head carp (Aristichthys nobilis) was measured by a chemiluminescence method with a detection limit as low as 10 mol of NO produced. It was found that constitutive NOS activity was highest in the brain, followed by the intestine, stomach, retina, olfactory lobe, swim bladder, skeletal muscle, heart, kidney, ovary and liver. NOS activity could not be detected in the gill filaments. Omission of NADPH in the reaction mixture caused a 57–100% decrease in cNOS activities. However, omission of arginine in the mixture only caused a 56–87% drop in cNOS activities. When compared with cNOS activities documented from other species, a similar pattern of cNOS activities in the various organs and tissues of big-head carp could be seen.     

Effects of species richness and functional groups on chemical constituents relevant for methane yields from anaerobic digestion: results from a grassland diversity experiment

Changes in livestock production systems have led to land‐use changes and abandonment, especially of semi‐natural grassland in agriculturally less favoured regions. The generation of energy from biomass of extensive, high‐diversity grasslands can be an alternative to their abandonment, and anaerobic digestion is one possible method for converting grassland biomass into energy. However, little is known about the effects of species richness (SR) and functional groups on chemical constituents relevant for anaerobic digestion and the resulting energy potential. In this study, changes in the herbage chemical constituents that are relevant for forage quality were studied along a well‐defined diversity gradient (one to sixty species) and across different combinations of functional groups (legumes, small herbs, tall herbs and grasses). Substrate‐specific methane yield (CH_4 sub) was estimated through the concentrations of forage‐quality parameters such as crude fibre (CF), crude protein (CP), crude lipid, nitrogen‐free extract and their documented digestibility values, as well as the respective methane yields. Results show that with increasing SR, the CF increased and CP decreased, even though these effects could not be fully disentangled from the presence of grasses. These trends led to a negative effect of SR on CH_4 sub, while the area‐specific methane yield (CH_4 area = CH_4 sub × biomass yield) increased due to a strong increase in biomass with increasing SR. The CH_4 sub was increased when legumes were present, and it declined with the presence of grasses. Generally, CH_4 sub and CH_4 area varied between functional‐group monocultures and all functional‐group mixtures.     

稻瘟病抗性基因的克隆及应用研究进展

稻瘟病是水稻三大病害之一,每年都给水稻生产造成巨大损失,挖掘并合理利用品种自身抗性是解决稻瘟病危害的最有效途径。本文综述了水稻稻瘟病抗性基因克隆、功能标记开发以及稻瘟病抗性分子标记辅助选择育种研究进展,为进一步克隆、研究、应用稻瘟病抗性基因提供理论指导。     

叶柄硝态氮含量与炸条型马铃薯块茎干物质含量的关系

以‘抗疫白’(Kennebec)为供试材料,设计6个氮肥梯度,通过田间小区试验,研究不同施氮量对马铃薯块茎干物质含量的影响,并测定植株叶柄的硝态氮含量,建立叶柄硝态氮含量与炸条型马铃薯块茎干物质含量函数模型。结果表明,马铃薯块茎干物质含量随着施氮量的增加表现为单峰曲线变化。对施氮量和马铃薯块茎干物质含量进行拟合二次函数方程,预测出‘抗疫白’在施氮量为122 kg/hm2时干物质含量达到了最大值20.6%。不同时期的叶柄硝态氮含量与块茎干物质含量相关性均达到了显著水平,并获得相对应的函数方程,计算得出获得最佳的干物质含量出苗第10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80和90 d叶柄硝态氮含量理论最佳值依次为2.45%,2.20%,2.06%,1.74%,1.51%,1.34%,1.08%,0.87%和0.66%,及叶柄硝态氮含量的最佳值与出苗后天数的拟合方程y=-0.02 x+2.3123,R2=0.9949。可以利用该拟合方程,指导田间氮肥施用,达到控制块茎干物质含量的目的。     

基于功能分区与多聚类算法集成的耕地细碎化评价及整治

基于图斑尺度的耕地细碎化评价及整治有利于耕地布局优化,促进农业规模化与集约化发展。该研究以耕地图斑为基本评价单元,引入聚合分析来量化图斑间空间位置关系,围绕耕地细碎化内涵选取评价指标;运用热点分析和二步聚类算法来对研究区功能分区,在功能分区基础上,基于带轮廓系数的k-means聚类算法,评价耕地图斑的细碎化程度。结果表明：1）根据功能分区的聚类结果,新北区被划分为不显著区、连片规整区、离散复杂区;2）评价结果将新北区耕地图斑分为3类：类别一,离散破碎类,包含图斑17 332块,平均图斑面积过小,连片度低,图斑面积集中在0～10 000 m2,面积占比21.98%,连片度集中在1～4,主要分布在新北区中心区域;类别二,形状复杂类,包含图斑4 535 块,图斑形状复杂不规整,面积占比9.65%,形状指数集中在1.5～2.5,均匀分布在全区;类别三,连片规整类,包含图斑4 091 块,图斑集中连片、形态规整,面积占比68.37%,连片度集中在5～10,形状指数集中在1～1.5,主要分布在外围区域;并基于各类别耕地细碎化属性差异,提出相应的优化模式和整治意见。研究结果可以为耕地细碎化整治提供一定参考。     

新民市阳光工程项目实践经验

以梁山镇费岗子村村民参加新民市阳光工程为例,介绍新民市开展阳光工程项目的效果,从政府推动、培训基地审核、项目监管方面,探讨新民市在阳光工程项目实施过程中采取的主要措施和方法,为基层市县开展阳光工程提供参考。     

应用碳纳米管提高SBS改性沥青及其混合料路用性能的研究

通过向SBS（苯乙烯-丁二烯-苯乙烯三嵌段共聚物）改性橡胶粉末中添加功能纳米材料——碳纳米管的方式,获得了新型的碳纳米管-聚合物复合沥青改性剂.用该复合改性剂与基质沥青制备新型SBS改性沥青.针对改性沥青及其混合料进行大量的结构研究和路用性能测试.包括三大指标试验、差示扫描量热分析（DSC）、显微镜下的微观结构分析以及马歇尔实验.结果表明,由于碳纳米管较大的比表面积及大的π电子结构,能够提高SBS与沥青之间的物理溶胀及弱化学相互作用（这里主要以π-π堆积作用为主）.加入碳纳米管的SBS沥青较单纯SBS改性沥青在综合性能上有较大改观.     

水流作用下悬跨管道振动的实验研究

为了比较得到水下管道安全悬跨长度的判别条件并验证其合理性。使用弹性力一重力相似理论设计模型实验,管道两端均采用固定约束,管道与水流之间的角度分别为90°、75°、60°、45°和30°,悬跨管长分别为1．00m、0．81m、0．73rn、0．70rn。通过实验比较fn≥10fs、fn≥（0．7）-1．fs、fn=5fs（fn为悬跨管道固有频率;六为水流激振频率）3种条件对悬跨管道振动的判别情况。研究表明,根据fn=5fs,即约化速度K=1的条件,计算得到的临界长度较安全、合理,并由fn=5f条件给出了不同管径、壁厚和流速条件下管道临界长度的规律图,研究结果可为水下悬跨管道的安全评价提供借鉴。（图3,表2,参13）     

基于超声波技术的水平管气液两相流流型识别方法

根据超声波在不同介质界面处的反射回波强弱不同的特性,提出了应用超声波对水平管气液两相流流型进行非介入式在线识别的方法。理论计算得到钢管内壁接触的介质分别为水和空气时的声压反射率,证明了超声波流型识别法的可行性。数值仿真研究管内的流体分别为水、空气时不同界面的反射回波特点,得到了超声波流型识别法的实现方式。依据数值仿真结果,开展超声波气液两相流流型在线识别实验,分析气液两种流体在管道横截面上的分布,从而识别水平管气液两相流流型。研究结果表明：在不影响生产的前提下,超声波流型识别方法能够准确获取水平管气液两相流流动过程中的实时流型,操作方法简便,且结果可靠。（图10,表1,参9）     

泡桐丛枝植原体河北平山和江西吉安株系胸苷酸激酶基因多态性分析

设计引物并 PCR扩增河北平山株系 PaWBPs 和江西吉安株系 PaWBJan 的 tmk 基因,直接和克隆测定tmk序列,利用DNAMAN,MEGA等软件进行序列多样性、序列变异、蛋白功能域、系统进化等比较分析。结果表明：从 PaWBPs和 PaWBJan中克隆测序的93条和41条 tmk-a中,分别有52和24种不同的序列,tmk-a ORF 可被划分为2类,tmk-a-1为639 bp,tmk-a-2为627 bp,PaWBPs株系tmk-a-1与tmk-a-2序列条数的比值约为2.5,而PaWBJan株系为3.3; PaWBPs有5个相同的 tmk-a-1序列与 PaWBJan的一个 tmk-a-1序列及枣疯植原体 tmk-Y 序列完全一致。因多位点突变,PaWBPs含假基因比例达48.1%,PaWBJan的为41.7%; tmk-b基因为单一序列,两株系的 tmk-b核酸序列相似性为99.8%,编码蛋白仅有一个氨基酸差异。TMK-a和 TMK-b中都具有胸苷酸激酶的3个保守功能域。系统进化分析显示,泡桐丛枝植原体的2个株系的所有tmk-a序列都与枣疯植原体tmk-X和tmk-Y等聚为一个进化枝Ⅰ中;而tmk-b与小麦蓝矮tmk-2等聚为另一进化枝Ⅲ,基于tmk-b序列和基于16S rDNA序列构建的系统进化树一致,tmk-b有助于植原体16Sr组水平的分类,而 tmk-a可用于植原体株系变异和遗传多样性分析。