定性PCR方法检测转基因玉米MON810转化事件的研究

转基因玉米MON810(Yield Gard R)是孟山都公司通过DNA重组技术和微注射轰击研发的一种具有对欧洲玉米螟(ECB;Ostrinia nublialis)有特殊抗性的转基因玉米品系,目前在世界各地已经得到广泛种植,为加强对该品系玉米的安全管理,本研究旨在建立MON810品系玉米的转化事件特异性定性PCR检测方法。根据MON810的插入序列信息,在3′端的侧翼序列处设计定性PCR检测的引物,检测MON810在其他几种常见转基因作物混合样品的特异性。结果表明,该方法具有很好的特异性。同时检测该引物系统的扩增灵敏度,结果表明,检测引物的灵敏度可达0.1%。建立的MON810特异定性PCR检测方法经全国7家实验室的验证,进一步证实该方法能够特异地检测出样品中的MON810转化事件,检测方法的灵敏度可达0.1%,且检测结果具有良好的可重复性和可重现性。MON810转化事件定性PCR检测方法的建立可满足于抗虫转基因玉米MON810及其衍生品种生物安全管理的需要。     

基于区块链中继技术的集群式农产品供应链溯源模型

集群式农产品供应链具有链条长且多、生产分散、信息多源异构、网链结构复杂等特点。面向集群式农产品供应链区块链溯源的需求,多链式区块链比单链式区块链更具有优势。但多个区块链相互独立使得不同链上的数据相互隔离,导致不同联盟在多链式区块链网络中数据断裂,无法构成完整的溯源链条,该研究提出一种基于区块链中继技术的集群式农产品供应链溯源模型,打通联盟间的信息孤岛,实现整个供应链的信息贯通。分析集群式农产品供应链的业务构成,利用区块链中继技术打通供应链上下游区块链,构造集群式农产品供应链的中继多链拓扑结构和溯源模型;应用链借助中继链和跨链路由实现跨链交互,并通过Hyperledger Fabric背书策略检验跨链交易的有效性。最后,以集群式猕猴桃供应链为例,设计和实现了该模型的原型系统,并进行了功能、性能和扩展性的测试与分析。结果表明：在功能方面,该模型可以保证跨链溯源信息的完整性、可信性和有效性,能够有效解决多链式区块链溯源中的信息断链问题;在性能方面,系统数据写入的吞吐量最高为561.8（事务数/s,transactions/s）,高于单链式区块链的118.1 transactions/s;数据写入时延均值为1.49 s,优于单链式区块链的数据写入时延均值5.92 s;在扩展性方面,系统中链的数量能够按照业务需求动态增加,灵活应对集群式供应链变化。该模型能实现集群式农产品供应链溯源,研究结果对区块链溯源网络的扩大和实现行业性的统一布局、协同发展有一定意义。     

Variability in pattern and hydrogen isotope composition (δ2H) of long-chain n-alkanes of surface soils and its relations to climate and vegetation characteristics: A meta-analysis

The average chain length (ACL), carbon preference index (CPI), and hydrogen isotope composition (δ²H) of long-chain n-alkanes in sediments have been used to retrieve information about the paleoclimate. Despite their importance as in-between media from leaves to sediments, n-alkanes of surface soils have not been systematically analyzed at large scale. Such an investigation of the spatial variation of n-alkane properties in soil and their dependence on climatic and botanic (e.g., vegetation type) factors could provide a rationale for a better estimation of the past environment. We synthesized the patterns and δ²H of long-chain n-alkanes in soil (δ²H^n-alkanes) with regard to vegetation types (cropland, grassland, shrubland, and woodland) and environmental factors using data from peer-reviewed papers. Our results showed that the ACL and CPI of soil C₂₇–C₃₃ n-alkanes were not suitable indicators for differentiating vegetation types at large scale; instead, ACL significantly correlated with water conditions such as mean annual precipitation (MAP) and Palmer drought severity index (PDSI), and CPI significantly correlated with temperature without significant influence of vegetation type. The variation (i.e., standard deviation) of fractionation between the δ²H values in annual precipitation and in soil n-alkanes (ε_rain-soil) was smaller than that reported in leaves; therefore, soils were better suited to quantifying the general growing conditions of plants at a certain site. The fractionation ε_rain-soil correlated with climatic conditions as described by the PDSI and relative humidity (RH). This correlation agreed with the change in leaf water enrichment with changing RH taken from the literature and was independent of the vegetation type at large scale. This meta-analysis may provide useful information for the variations of the patterns and δ²H_n-alkanes values in surface soils.     

Conservation management decreases surface runoff and soil erosion

Conservation management practices – including agroforestry, cover cropping, no-till, reduced tillage, and residue return – have been applied for decades to control surface runoff and soil erosion, yet results have not been integrated and evaluated across cropping systems. In this study we collected data comparing agricultural production with and without conservation management strategies. We used a bootstrap resampling analysis to explore interactions between practice type, soil texture, surface runoff, and soil erosion. We then used a correlation analysis to relate changes in surface runoff and soil erosion to 13 other soil health and agronomic indicators, including soil organic carbon, soil aggregation, infiltration, porosity, subsurface leaching, and cash crop yield. Across all conservation management practices, surface runoff and erosion had respective mean decreases of 67% and 80% compared with controls. Use of cover cropping provided the largest decreases in erosion and surface runoff, thus emphasizing the importance of maintaining continuous vegetative cover on soils. Coarse- and medium-textured soils had greater decreases in both erosion and runoff than fine-textured soils. Changes in surface runoff and soil erosion under conservation management were highly correlated with soil organic carbon, aggregation, porosity, infiltration, leaching, and yield, showing that conservation practices help drive important interactions between these different facets of soil health. This study offers the first large-scale comparison of how different conservation agriculture practices reduce surface runoff and soil erosion, and at the same time provides new insight into how these interactions influence the improvement or loss of soil health.     

土壤有机碳组分和微生物群落对有机管理的响应

土壤有机碳（soil organic carbon, SOC）和微生物是土壤质量和健康变化的重要评价指标。为了探究热区不同的管理方式对茶园土壤有机碳组分和微生物群落组成的影响,本研究选取海南省白沙县有机茶园（organic tea plantations, OTP）和常规茶园（conventional tea plantations, CTP）作为研究对象,利用¹³C-核磁共振（¹³C-NMR）生物标记技术和磷脂脂肪酸（PLFA）来研究不同管理模式下茶园土壤中有机碳化学组分和土壤微生物的群落组成的变化,明确有机管理和无机管理对土壤有机碳组分（烷基C、O-烷基C、芳香C和羧基C）和微生物群落组成的影响。结果显示：（1）与无机管理相比,有机管理显著改变了茶园土壤中养分含量。有机质（SOM）含量增加了47.86%,总氮（TN）和总磷（TP）含量分别增加了37.40%和100%（P<0.05）。硝态氮（NO₃^--N）含量显著增加了78.80%（P<0.05）,总钾（TK）和速效钾（AK）含量显著降低（P<0.05）。（2）有机管理增加了茶园土壤中烷基C和O-烷基C的相对含量。同时,脂肪族C/芳香C的比值也高于无机管理茶园。（3）有机管理茶园土壤中的总磷脂脂肪酸含量（PLFAs）增加了29.70%（P<0.05）,且细菌、G^-和放线菌的磷脂脂肪酸的含量显著高于无机茶园（P<0.05）。（4）RDA分析表明,茶园土壤中的微生物群落结构主要受到土壤总氮（TN）、总钾（TK）、烷基C、O-烷基C和羧基C含量的影响（P<0.05）。（5）相关性分析结果显示,有机碳组分中烷基C与总微生物量、真菌、放线菌和菌根真菌含量均呈显著正相关关系。O-烷基C与微生物中真菌、细菌和真菌/细菌的比值也呈显著正相关关系。以上结果表明,对茶园有机管理能调节微生物群落结构,提高土壤有机碳的脂肪化程度,进而影响土壤有机碳的积累和周转机制。     

中国“槟榔黄化病”研究40年——病原、防控措施新进展

自1981年海南省屯昌县首次发现槟榔黄化病（yellow leaf disease of areca palm, YLD）以来,槟榔黄化问题日趋严重,现已成为制约中国槟榔产业可持续发展的最重要的因素。同时,鉴于生产中除槟榔黄化病外,炭疽病、细菌性叶斑病、椰心叶甲、干旱等一些其他因素也可引起槟榔黄化,以及“槟榔黄化病”病原或病因认识上存在混淆的问题,学界暂用“槟榔黄化现象”的表述。近年来,针对上述问题开展了一系列深入研究并取得突破性进展。本文首先简要回顾了中国槟榔黄化病的发生及病原方面的研究进展,介绍了另一种致黄关键新病害——由槟榔隐症病毒1（Areca palm velarivirus 1, APV1）引起的槟榔黄叶病毒病（areca palm leaf yellowing virus disease, ALYVD）,以及其他2种新发现的病毒病害——槟榔坏死环斑病毒病和槟榔坏死环斑病毒病的研究进展。对6个示范基地的病原检测结果表明,部分黄化植株被槟榔黄化植原体（areca palm yellow leaf phytoplasma, AYLP）或APV1单独感染,部分植株被AYLP和APV1复合感染。本文还探讨了槟榔黄化病研究中存在的病原分布不均、含量低引起的检测困难和田间诊断易混淆等问题,并对YLD、ALYVD、叶斑类病害、根腐病害、芽腐病、椰心叶甲、干旱、寒害、除草剂药害等9类因子引起的黄化症状特征进行了总结。进而分析了YLD和ALYVD 防控中存在的问题以及现阶段面临的紧迫形势,从防控策略和具体措施解读了《槟榔“黄化病“防控明白纸》,并指出了其有待进一步完善之处及防控中亟待解决的问题。最后,展望了YLD和ALYVD 2种致黄关键病害综合防控中亟待实施的措施。本文旨在让广大科研工作者和农技人员更好地了解槟榔“黄化病”方面的最新成果。     

精准农业的作用及发展现状概述

全面概括精准农业的定义、内涵及主要技术体系,探讨其在农业生产中发挥的主要作用,介绍国内外精准农业的发展历程及研究应用现状,展望我国精准农业的发展方向,为促进我国精准农业快速发展提供理论参考。     

花生覆膜栽培技术要点

根据农机与农艺相结合的原则,从地块选择、种子处理、地膜选用、铺膜要求、田间管理、除草、收获等方面,探讨花生覆膜栽培技术要点,为提高花生的产量和品质提供理论参考。     

农业科研单位内部控制管理探讨

根据内部控制的定义、目标、特点及原则,结合农业科研单位的实际情况,论述其内部控制在制度、管理方面存在的主要问题,提出相应的解决措施,为确保农业科研单位内部控制管理的有效实施提供参考。     

稳步推进农村经营体制创新构建新型农业经营体系

构建新型农业经营体系是实现现代农业的一个重要举措,适应生产力发展的新经营形式。既是对传统农业经营体系的继承,又是对传统农业经营体系的创新。因此加强农业社会化服务、培育新型农业经营主体、深化城乡改革联动,构建新型农业经营体系,助力城乡一体化建设,应成为建设美好利辛的主要推动力。