Comparison of 5′-inosine monophosphate and p-nitrophenyl phosphate degrading activities among red,pink, and white muscle fibers of cultured carp

ABSTRACT:   As part of a study to clarify the differences in the temporal change in K -value among fish species, the temporal change in K -value and the 5'-inosine monophosphate (5'-IMP) and p-nitrophenol phosphate (p-NPP) degrading activities in the red, pink, and white muscle fibers in the dorsal muscle of the carp were compared. The temporal change in K -value was fastest in red, followed by pink, and white muscle fibers, at both 0°C and 32°C. Moreover, the 5'-IMP and p-NPP degrading activities were highest in red, followed by pink, and white muscle fibers at near optimum pH concentrations. The 5'-IMP degrading activity at pH 7.0 had a positive correlation with the increasing rate of K -value at 32°C for all types of muscle fibers. These results suggest that differences in increasing rates of K -values between red, pink, and white muscle fibers corresponded to the 5'-IMP degrading activities.     

近海渔业安全救助通信网的核心技术--传输速率对网络阻塞的影响

"近海渔业安全救助通信网"(以下简称为"安全通信网")建设开通以来,在渔业安全生产中已经发挥了重要的作用。但随着我国海洋渔业经济结构的变革,现代通信技术的飞速发展,刚刚组建的"安全通信网"日趋落后,在实际运行中引出了诸多问题,难以适应渔业生产和管理的需要。本文仅从技术角度针对"安全通信网"中出现的网络阻塞问题,阐述几点意见。     

Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, utilizes wax ester-rich oil from Calanus finmarchicus effectively

Against a background of decreasing availability of fish oils for use in aquaculture, the present study was undertaken to examine whether a wax ester-rich oil derived from the calanoid copepod Calanus finmarchicus, could be used effectively by Atlantic salmon when supplied in their diet. Individually tagged Atlantic salmon of initial weight around 500 g were divided into replicate tanks of two dietary groups and fed either a fish oil supplemented diet, or an experimental diet coated with Calanus oil. Wax esters accounted for 37.5% of the lipids in the Calanus oil diet but were absent from the fish oil diet in which triacylglycerols (TAG) were the major lipid class. Over the feeding period (140 days) the salmon fed fish oil displayed a greater increase in length, but there was no significant difference between the two groups in weight gained. The specific growth rates (0.75) and the feed conversion ratio of fish fed the two diets were similar throughout the study. No differences were observed in the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of fish fed Calanus oil or fish oil. The ADC of fatty acids decreased with chain length and increased with unsaturation. Long-chain alcohol utilization showed a similar tendency although there was a notable difference in that saturated long-chain alcohols were utilized better than the comparable fatty acid homologue. In fecal lipid of fish fed Calanus oil, the content of 16:0 alcohol decreased in both the free long-chain alcohol and wax ester fractions, while the corresponding fatty acid increased in the feces of both dietary groups of fish. In contrast, the proportion of the 22:1n−11 alcohol increased in both fecal wax esters and free long-chain alcohol fractions whereas 22:1n−11 fatty acid displayed no accumulation. The observed patterns of fatty acid and long-chain alcohol compositions in fecal lipid compared to those of the initial dietary lipid are consistent with the digestive lipases of salmon preferentially hydrolyzing esters containing polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) moieties. The wax esters of Calanus oil contained substantial amounts of the n−3 PUFA, 20:5n−3 and 22:6n−3, that were effectively deposited in muscle and liver tissues. No major differences were seen in either lipid content/lipid classes or in gross fatty acid composition of these tissues between the two dietary groups. It is concluded that that Atlantic salmon in seawater can effectively utilize diets in which a major lipid component is derived from zooplankton rich in wax ester without any detrimental change in growth or body lipid composition. This finding gives support to the use of lipid from zooplankton from high latitudes as an alternative or as a supplement to fish oil and a provider of long-chain n−3 PUFA in diets for use in salmon aquaculture.     

盐度对暗纹东方鲀胚胎发育的影响

研究了不同盐度对暗纹东方鲀胚胎发育的影响，盐度为4和8的试验组中受精卵的发育历期、孵化率及初孵仔鱼24小时的存活能力和淡水相比均无显著差异。在盐度12及以上，绝大部分受精卵死亡，仅有极少数个体孵化出膜，且全为畸形并都在24小时内死亡；发育速度随着盐度的升高而变慢。因此，暗纹东方鲀胚胎正常发育所能耐受的盐度范围是0～8。     

中肋骨条藻的浓缩与长期保存技术的研究

实验表明:中肋骨条藻在0～10℃的低温保存60d的存活率达70%以上;并且在恢复生长时保持较高的比生长率,0～10℃是中肋骨条藻长期保存的最佳温度范围。     

A spatial model of population dynamics of the early life stages of Japanese sardine, Sardinops melanostictus, off the Pacific coast of Japan

We constructed a numerical model reproducing the transport, survival and individual growth of the early life stages of Japanese sardine, Sardinops melanostictus, off the Pacific coast of Japan during 1978–93. The causes of early life stage mortality, including the influence of the effects of the spatial relationship between the spawning grounds and the Kuroshio on the mortality rate, were investigated. Survival and transport from egg stage to 60 days after spawning were modelled daily in a 1 × 1 degree mesh cell and individual growth in the period was modelled in each region (Kuroshio, Inshore, Offshore and Transition regions). Individual growth and survival from 60 to 180 days after spawning were modelled daily in the Transition region. Environmental data were taken from outside the model system. Our simulation indicates that survival variability in the larval stage (5–25 mm in standard length) is the key factor in determining the year‐class strength. The simulation revealed that strong year classes occurred with good survival in the spawning ground and whilst entrained in the Kuroshio current being transported to the main feeding grounds in the Transition region. The simulation also indicated that survival rates in 1988–93 were low in the Inshore, Kuroshio and Offshore regions, which depressed the year‐class strength during that period.     

Reproductive parameters of the chub mackerel <Emphasis Type="Italic">Scomber japonicus</Emphasis> estimated from human chorionic gonadotropin-induced final oocyte maturation and ovulation in captivity

ABSTRACT:   Final oocyte maturation and ovulation of captive chub mackerel Scomber japonicus with fully yolk-accumulated oocytes were induced by a single injection of human chorionic gonadotropin. Reproductive parameters, including spawning frequency and batch fecundity, which are required to estimate spawning biomass in pelagic fish by the daily egg production method, were analyzed. Germinal vesicle migration (GVM) occurred at 18–24 h post-injection, and the hydration and ovulation of oocytes were completed at 30 and 36 h post-injection, respectively. The results of the maturation process suggest that fish with GVM-stage ovaries captured in the daytime from the field are capable of spawning on the night following their capture. The oocytes used in the oocyte size-frequency distribution method for batch fecundity estimates should be at late GVM and more advanced stages. The results of sequential artificial insemination showed that the quality of ovulated eggs held in the ovarian lumen rapidly deteriorated as time progressed after ovulation. This indicates that the fertilization window for the ovulated eggs of chub mackerel lasts only a few hours, and spawning behavior should be performed within a few hours after ovulation in the wild population.     

克氏原螯虾对几种人工洞穴的选择性

研究了在实验室内人工洞穴对克氏原螯虾存活率的影响 ,并在洞穴的质地、长度对入穴率的影响做了比较实验。研究结果表明 :有人工洞穴比自然状态下 ,螯虾的存活率提高了 6 4倍 ;螯虾更适应穴长较长的、避光、透气的人工洞穴     

淤泥湖团头鲂与梁子湖团头鲂杂交子一代的性状研究

团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala Yih)是一种优良的淡水养殖鱼类,但在家养条件下连续传代会引起经济性状指标下降。本试验通过原种选优,以优配优的杂交组合,得出淤泥湖团头鲂与梁子湖团头鲂杂交子一代和回交子代。经饲养观察,证明杂交子一代和回交子代都有良好的生长优势,含肉率和粗蛋白含量相对增高,经济性状较亲本更好。血清蛋白电泳分析结果表明,杂交子代与亲本存在着质的差异。     

日本鳗li初孵仔鱼耗氧率的初步研究

研究了不同盐度、温度、光照条件下日本鳗鲡仔鱼 ( 4 .4 2± 0 .0 34 mm )的耗氧情况。结果表明 ,幼鱼的耗氧率随盐度的升高而下降 ,随温度的升高而上升 ,耗氧率遮光比在自然光下要低。同时还测定了幼鱼的窒息点。