保护剂对2种微藻超低温保存存活率的影响

以甘油作保护剂,亚心形扁藻和中肋骨条藻均在其体积分数10%时存活率最高,分别为51.17%、36.80%。以DMSO作保护剂,在体积分数为5%时亚心形扁藻的存活率最高,为21.95%;在体积分数为10%时中肋骨条藻存活率最高,为26.65%。在10%甘油和10%DMSO混合保护剂中,亚心形扁藻和中肋骨条藻的存活率分别为27.84%、23.88%。     

三角褐指藻浓缩液长期保存技术研究

实验研究了不同温度条件下的长期保存对三角褐指藻浓缩液的影响，结果表明：在0～10℃的低温下长期(2个月以上)保存后，三角褐指藻获得较高的存活率(700k，以上)；并且在恢复生长时保持较高的比生长率，因此0～10℃是三角褐指藻长期保存的最佳温度范围。     

中肋骨条藻规模化培养及在中国明对虾育苗中的应用

正本文将养殖生产中发现的中肋骨条藻分离、保存,并进行室内水泥池规模化培养,指数生长状态可维持72h,实现了短期内大量繁殖。中国明对虾幼体投喂实验表明,利用4万个cell/mL中肋骨条藻投喂组与未投喂组比较,Z_3～M1变态发育所需时间缩短24h,Z_1～Z_3期变态发育成活率分别为93.3%、68%,差异显著。利用中肋骨条藻所育中国明对虾苗活力强,变态期成活率高,育苗周期短,具有良好的经济效益。     

骨条藻在牡蛎工厂化育苗中的培养和应用

骨条藻是渔业生产中应用最为广泛的浮游藻类之一，学名中肋骨条藻（Skeletonema costatum），属于硅藻门、中心纲、圆筛藻目、骨条藻科、骨条藻属。细胞呈透镜形或圆柱形，直径为6—7微米，与邻细胞的对应刺相接组成链状群体。骨条藻是一种广温、广盐的近岸性硅藻，在盐度7～50‰、水温10～34℃中均能生长繁殖，具有营养丰富，易培养等特点，是对虾育苗初期理想的生物饵料。近几年，随着牡蛎工厂化育苗的发展，逐步被应用为牡蛎幼体中后期的生物饵料，解决了夏秋季节南方地区单胞藻培养青黄不接的难题。     

中肋骨条藻生产性培养的研究

通过对中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum Greville)进行近2年生产性培养,总结出一套切实有效的培养方法。在接种密度为1万-3万个细胞／ml下,经过3～5天的连续充气培养,藻密度可达80万-130万个细胞/ml。为对虾育苗厂中肋骨条藻生产性培养提供参考。     

中肋骨条藻工厂化培养技术要点

中肋骨条藻是一种广温性、广盐性的硅藻类。它具有营养丰富、适口性佳等特点,被广泛应用于虾类、贝类、鱼类的苗期饵料。但因其培养难度大,且又未形成工厂化生产的规模,全国沿海各水产苗种培育单位对中肋骨条藻的需求量极大。鉴此,笔者自1994年2月15日～10月25日,对中肋骨条藻工厂化培养的有关问题进行了研究,结果获得密     

单细胞藻类培养中敌害生物的防治试验

利用原生动物比小球藻耐受含氯氧化剂能力差的特点,向被原生动物污染的藻液中添加3 mg/L的漂白粉(含有效氯26%～30%),15～20分钟后,能有效杀除小球藻中的原生动物,而藻细胞在1～2天后逐渐恢复,并生长、繁殖良好,镜检未能再观察到原生动物；添加10 ml/t的洗洁精原液,处理扁藻、中肋骨条藻中的原生动物,藻细胞也能在1～2天后逐渐恢复最佳生长状态,镜检未观察到原生动物。     

两种海洋微藻内源醛类对中华哲水蚤繁殖的影响

通过室内实验研究了中肋骨条藻和海洋原甲藻对中华哲水蚤繁殖的影响,并采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱质谱法对两种微藻内源醛类进行定性定量分析。结果表明,与海洋原甲藻相比,中肋骨条藻对中华哲水蚤的存活率、产卵率和孵化率都存在负面影响。在微藻内源醛类分析中,检测到中肋骨条藻中含有6种醛类,而在海洋原甲藻中仅检测到两种醛类。不论是从单种醛类的含量上,还是醛类总含量上,中肋骨条藻中醛类含量都明显高于海洋原甲藻,这意味着硅藻释放的醛类物质对中华哲水蚤的繁殖和存活具有潜在的抑制作用。     

几种海洋微藻硝酸还原酶特性的初步研究

确定了离体法提取时间,并采用离体法对5种海洋微藻硝酸还原酶的特性进行了初步研究。结果表明,离体法的最佳提取时间为5min;在pH7.9及20℃条件下,各藻硝酸还原酶的酶促反应恒速时间及以KNO3为底物的米氏常数存在差异,但以NADH为底物的米氏常数基本相同。酶促反应恒速时间顺序为锥状斯氏藻<尖刺拟菱形藻<东海原甲藻<中肋骨条藻<旋链角毛藻,以KNO3为底物的米氏常数大小顺序为旋链角毛藻<东海原甲藻~中肋骨条藻<锥状斯氏藻~尖刺拟菱形藻。此外,FAD对各藻硝酸还原酶活性的影响存在种属差异。     

单细胞藻类培养中敌害生物的防治

本文通过利用原生动物比小球藻耐受含氯氧化剂能力差的特点向被原生动物污染的藻液中添加3mg/L的漂白粉(含有效氯26-30%),15～20min后,能有效的杀除小球藻中的原生动物,而藻细胞在1～2d后逐渐恢复,并良好生长、繁殖,镜检未能再现察到原生动物;扁藻、中肋骨条藻中的原生动物,采用10ml/T的洗洁精原液,处理30min,藻细胞也能在1～2d后逐渐恢复最佳生长状态,镜检未观察到原生动物.     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.