两种干燥方式对香椿粉品质特性的影响

以香椿为原料，研究真空冷冻干燥和喷雾干燥对香椿粉的物理特性、基本成分、抗氧化活性、风味物质和微观结构的影响。结果表明：真空冷冻干燥香椿粉的综合品质较好。在物理特性方面，真空冷冻干燥香椿粉的得率较高、色泽浓绿，复水性、吸油性好；而喷雾干燥香椿粉的溶解度高、堆积密度大。在基本成分方面，真空冷冻干燥香椿粉的蛋白质、皂苷、生物碱含量均高于喷雾干燥；而VC、黄酮、多糖含量在两种干燥方式的香椿粉中无显著性差异。在抗氧化活性方面，真空冷冻干燥香椿粉的DPPH自由基清除力和还原力均高于喷雾干燥。在风味物质方面，从真空冷冻干燥和喷雾干燥的香椿粉中分别鉴定出49和41种挥发性成分，且真空冷冻干燥香椿粉含有较高的特征风味物质2-巯基-3, 4-二甲基-2,3-二氢噻吩。扫描电镜观察微观结构发现真空冷冻干燥香椿粉呈现蜂窝状松散结构，而喷雾干燥香椿粉多呈现出干瘪的圆球体状。综合考虑，真空冷冻干燥是一种适合制备高品质香椿粉的干燥方式。     

Differences between wheat genotypes in damage from freezing temperatures during reproductive growth

Cereal crops in the reproductive stage of growth are considerably more susceptible to injury from freezing temperatures than during their vegetative growth stage in the fall. While damage resulting from spring-freeze events has been documented, information on genotypic differences in tolerance to spring-freezes is scarce. Ninety wheat genotypes were subjected to a simulated spring-freeze at the mid-boot growth stage under controlled conditions. Spring-freeze tolerance was evaluated as the number of seeds per head at maturity after plants were frozen at −6 °C. Plants that froze, as confirmed by infrared (IR) thermography, died shortly after thawing and consequently the heads did not mature. Only in plants that had no visible freezing (super-cooled) were heads able to reach maturity and produce seeds. In plants that super-cooled four genotypes had significantly higher seed counts after being exposed to freezing than three with the lowest. In addition, significant differences between genotypes were found in whole plant survival among those that had frozen. Genotypes with high whole-plant freezing survival were not necessarily the same as the super-cooled plants with the highest seed counts. Spring-freeze tolerance was not correlated with maturity suggesting that improvement in freezing tolerance could be selected for without affecting heading date. Spring-freeze tolerance was not correlated with freezing tolerance of genotypes of plants in a vegetative state, either under non-acclimated or cold-acclimated conditions indicating that vegetative freezing tolerance is not a good predictor of spring-freeze tolerance.     

用绵羊小肠液冻干粉测定饲料过瘤胃淀粉小肠消化率方法的研究

本试验旨在以玉米为样本筛选用绵羊小肠液冻干粉测定精饲料瘤胃非降解残渣淀粉小肠消化率的最佳培养条件。分别研究了小肠液冻干粉用量(0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5和0.6g)对16h玉米瘤胃非降解残渣干物质和淀粉小肠消化率的影响;离体培养时间(4、8、12、16、20和24h)对16h玉米瘤胃非降解残渣干物质和淀粉小肠消化率的影响。结果表明,在本试验条件下,绵羊小肠液冻干粉测定玉米瘤胃非降解残渣淀粉小肠消化率的最佳用量为0.45g小肠液冻干粉/0.56g玉米瘤胃非降解残渣,最佳培养时间为12h。利用绵羊小肠液冻干粉测定常用饲料过瘤胃残渣淀粉小肠消化率的方法是可行的。     

不同浓缩工艺对橄榄浊汁品质和抗氧化活性影响

对比橄榄(Canarium album)原浊汁及真空浓缩、冷冻浓缩、常压浓缩后的还原汁的感官指标、褐变度、悬浮稳定性及其主要成分(总酸、总糖、维生素C、多酚)含量,结果表明:真空浓缩的橄榄汁风味、色泽和主要成分的保留情况稍差于冷冻浓缩,但悬浮稳定性更佳;3种浓缩工艺中常压浓缩使橄榄浊汁品质下降最大.此外,随真空浓缩程度的提高,橄榄浊汁清除DPPH·自由基能力无明显影响,而清除羟自由基能力和总抗氧化能力呈先下降后上升,最后复而下降的趋势,这均与浓缩过程中维生素C和多酚类物质含量变化有关.     

基于转换点调控的怀山药多相态微波干燥及品质特性

为解决冻干和冻干-微波真空联合干燥技术存在的耗时长、能耗高、设备成本高等问题，同时获得品质较好的干制品，以怀山药为对象开展多相态微波干燥(multiphase microwave drying，MMD)研究，通过不同微波功率加载方案实现转换点调控，探究转换点干基含水率（0.36、0.59、0.79 g/g）对怀山药干制品品质的影响。并以真空冷冻干燥、微波冷冻干燥和微波真空干燥为对照,研究不同干燥方式对怀山药干燥特性、能耗和品质特性（复水性、收缩率、色泽、硬度、脆度、微观结构）的影响。结果表明：随着微波功率水平的增加，怀山药MMD转换点干基含水率增大，产品复水性降低，收缩程度增大，硬度变大，细胞结构破损程度增加。MMD方案Ⅰ（转换点干基含水率0.36 g/g）干燥时间与微波冷冻干燥相比缩短31.3%，能耗相比真空冷冻干燥、微波冷冻干燥分别降低68%、34%，同时，所得怀山药干制品具有良好的品质和均匀的微观孔隙结构，其复水比（2.44±0.04）、收缩率（0.88±0.02）、色泽、硬度（4.95±0.45）、脆度（2.48±0.51）与微波冷冻干燥无明显差异（P>0.05）。微波真空干燥虽所需能耗低，但其产品复水性最差，收缩最为严重。综合考虑高效低能耗干燥与产品品质提升的需求，可通过转换点调控的多相态微波干燥实现高品质怀山药加工。     

高性能耐磨纸的研究

探索了不同的涂布量、胶粘剂的种类和用量对耐磨纸的耐磨转数、吸水高度和湿强度的影响，通过优化涂布工艺配方使耐磨纸的耐磨转数提高到7000转以上。     

云南师范大学校园植物受冻害调查与植物合理配置分析

2012年末至2013年初,昆明出现的极端低温和持续低温天气,导致云南师范大学校园的部分植物遭受冻害。对受冻害植物进行调查,包括云南师范大学呈贡校区内的植物,总计71科178种。划分植物受冻害级别,分析不同受害级别植物的数量与受害程度,对冻害原因进行分析和讨论,提出植物合理配置和植物防冻害保护建议。     

超声波-反复冻融协同法优化黑木耳菌丝体破壁条件

[目的]研究超声波-反复冻融协同作用对黑木耳菌丝体破壁的影响,并确定最佳破壁组合条件。[方法]利用单因素试验,研究了超声波处理过程中破壁时间、加水量、破壁次数、冷冻时间、冻融次数对多糖得率的影响,并利用正交试验设计确定最佳条件组合。[结果]单因素试验结果表明,破壁时间以20 min为宜,选择15倍为最适加水量,选择2次超声波破壁次数较宜,冷冻时间以30 min为宜,选择3次冻融次数较为合适。正交试验结果表明,各因素的影响效果依次为破壁时间、破壁次数和冻结时间,最佳组合条件为冷冻时间30 min,破壁时间25 min,破壁2次,此时多糖得率可达到57.76 mg/g。[结论]该研究可为指导实际生产提供依据和参考。     

几个杨树品种低温与变温胁迫对比试验

以几种常见杨树品种为试材,在不同时期进行了低温胁迫试验,通过相对电导率测试及生长恢复情况调查,分析了不同时期低温对杨树发生冻害的影响,结果显示：在冬季树木深休眠期持续的低温对杨树具有一定的伤害,但伤害程度不大;初春树木萌动期低温对杨树伤害较大。根据此结论,进一步开展变温胁迫试验,结果显示：高温和低温的变温对不同杨树伤害较大,而且变化幅度越剧烈,造成伤害越严重。     

Is the decline of soil microbial biomass in late winter coupled to changes in the physical state of cold soils?

During winter when the active layer of Arctic and alpine soils is below 0 °C, soil microbes are alive but metabolizing slowly, presumably in contact with unfrozen water. This unfrozen water is at the same negative chemical potential as the ice. While both the hydrostatic and the osmotic components of the chemical potential will contribute to this negative value, we argue that the osmotic component (osmotic potential) is the significant contributor. Hence, the soil microorganisms need to be at least halotolerant and psychrotolerant to survive in seasonally frozen soils. The low osmotic potential of unfrozen soil water will lead to the withdrawal of cell water, unless balanced by accumulation of compatible solutes. Many microbes appear to survive this dehydration, since microbial biomass in some situations is high, and rising, in winter. In late winter however, before the soil temperature rises above zero, there can be a considerable decline in soil microbial biomass due to the loss of compatible solutes from viable cells or to cell rupture. This decline may be caused by changes in the physical state of the system, specifically by sudden fluxes of melt water down channels in frozen soil, rapidly raising the chemical potential. The dehydrated cells may be unable to accommodate a rapid rise in osmotic potential so that cell membranes rupture and cells lyse. The exhaustion of soluble substrates released from senescing plant and microbial tissues in autumn and winter may also limit microbial growth, while in addition the rising temperatures may terminate a winter bloom of psychrophiles.Climate change is predicted to cause a decline in plant production in these northern soils, due to summer drought and to an increase in freeze-thaw cycles. Both of these may be expected to reduce soil microbial biomass in late winter. After lysis of microbial cells this biomass provides nutrients for plant growth in early spring. These feedbacks, in turn, could affect herbivory and production at higher trophic levels.