四川冬春季参考作物蒸散量时空变化及其成因

为深入认识四川冬春季参考作物蒸散量(ET₀)的变化特征,利用1980—2016年四川35个气象站的逐日气象观测资料,采用泰森多边形、气候倾向率和克里金空间插值等方法对其冬春季ET₀的时空变化特征进行分析,并通过敏感性和贡献率分析了ET₀的变化成因。结果表明:ET₀的年代际变化呈先降后增的趋势,空间上呈明显的西南高东部低的分布特征,且高值区范围持续扩大,低值区范围波动缩小。ET₀的年际变化呈上升趋势,春季ET₀气候倾向率和空间差异明显大于冬季,且ET₀高值区与低值区空间分布受海拔高度影响明显。ET₀的同一日多年平均值自初冬至初春逐渐上升,1月22日—5月2日仅有8 d的ET₀值低于多年日平均值,具有明显连续的高值时段。ET₀对日照时数的变化最敏感,其次是对相对湿度与平均气温,对三者均呈高敏感性。平均气温的正贡献率是引起ET₀变化的主导因子,其次是相对湿度。研究时段内平均气温的升高对ET₀的正效应和相对湿度的降低对ET₀的负效应,超过了日照时数减少对ET₀的减少效应,导致四川地区冬春季ET₀呈上升趋势。     

一种多功能食品加工机的研讨

在食品加工中,各单元操作已使用各种形式的操作单机。如和面机、搅拌机、打蛋机、绞肉机等。目前,像饮食行业和职工食堂等部门,由于加工批量不大,采用单机操作,则机械利用率低,且投资大,管理和使用不方便。如果用一台具有多种功能的加工机代替各种单机,是有一定的经济和实用价值的。因此,我国已开始研制多种功能食品加工机。为了交流信息,加速多功能食品加工机的发展,本文介绍一种具有和面、拌肉馅、打蛋花、打奶酪、绞肉末、挤面条等多种功能的食品机。 并扼要说明该机的整体结构和传动系统,及进行不同作业时所选用的各种附件的结构和工作原理。     

Effects of predator-induced visual and olfactory cues on 0+ perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) foraging behaviour

Abstract –  Foraging juvenile fish with relatively high food demands are usually vulnerable to various aquatic and avian predators. To compromise between foraging and antipredator activity, they need exact and reliable information about current predation risk. Among direct predator-induced cues, visual and olfactory signals are considered to be most important. Food intake rates and prey-size selectivity of laboratory-reared, naive young-of-the-year (YOY) perch, Perca fluviatilis , were studied in experiments with Daphnia magna of two size classes: 2.8 and 1.3 mm as prey and northern pike, Esox lucius , as predator. Neither total intake rate nor prey-size selectivity was modified by predator kairomones alone (water from an aquarium with a pike was pumped into the test aquaria) under daylight conditions. Visual presentation of pike reduced total food intake by perch. This effect was significantly more pronounced (synergistic) when visual and olfactory cues were presented simultaneously to foraging perch. Moreover, the combination of cues caused a significant shift in prey-size selection, expressed as a reduced proportion of large prey in the diet. Our observations demonstrate that predator-induced olfactory cues alone are less important modifiers of the feeding behaviour of naive YOY perch than visual cues under daylight conditions. However, pike odour acts as a modulatory stimulus enhancing the effects of visual cues, which trigger an innate response in perch.     

评价适合选育加工型马铃薯品种的杂交组合

中国马铃薯的种植面积和产量均占世界首位,随着人们生活水平的提高和饮食结构的改善,以及外资企业在中国的纷纷建厂,对食品加工型马铃薯品种的市场需求日益增加,食品加工型马铃薯品种的培育已成为当务之急。本文根据食品加工型马铃薯品种的6项选育指标(炸制品质、薯形、产量、大中薯率、抗病性、熟期),对14个马铃薯杂交组合进行单个指标的评价和组合的级别评价,最终确定组合F81109×B5141-6、B5141-6×F58050、F67128×F61101、F49013×F61101、F71002×F59103可作为选育食品加工型马铃薯品种比较有前景的杂交组合。     

红曲霉色素的提取

本实验确立了一种新的红曲霉色素提取方法:以红曲米为原料,乙醇为提取剂,得到的提取液再以正己烷提取分离。结果表明,此法所得的红曲霉色素是水溶性的,宜于用作食品添加剂。此外,还对影响提取的因素进行了探讨,并提供了最佳提取方案。     

硝酸还原酶与氮素利用的关系及其在作物遗传育种中的应用(综述)

本文综述了硝酸还原酶与氮素利用的关系及其遗传特性和在作物育种中应用的某些最新进展。氮吸收、利用等性状的生理和遗传特性极其复杂,受环境影响很大,对其进行遗传改良需考虑多种指标。对硝酸还原酶活性(NRA)与品质性状和产量的关系的争论很多,有些研究表明 NRA 可作为品质、产量性状的选择指标,有些则相反。逆境条件下 NRA 的变化非常敏感,NRA 可能与抗逆性有关。     

基于冠层温度的温室葡萄CWSI模型试验研究

探讨并建立了适合于镇江丘陵地区温室葡萄水分状况监测的作物水分胁迫指数(CWSI)模型.通过田间实验和观测,得到了适合温室葡萄的CWSI经验模型中的经验关系.初步的检验和分析表明,这一模型是合理的,可以用于温室内葡萄基于冠层温度信息的水分状况监测.     

Demography of Abutilon theoprasti and Setaria faberi in three crop rotation systems

Field experiments were conducted to characterize the demography of Abutilon theophrasti and Setaria faberi in a conventionally managed 2‐year (maize/soya bean) rotation, and in 3‐year (maize/soya bean/triticale + red clover) and 4‐year (maize/soya bean/triticale + lucerne/lucerne) rotations managed with 72% and 79% lower herbicide inputs respectively. Rates of weed seedling recruitment, seedling survival and adult plant fecundity were determined for populations in each phase of each rotation and used to calculate annual rates of weed population change, Δ. In both years of the study, Δ for A. theophrasti populations declined or remained stable in all three rotation systems. Despite greater rates of seedling survival and fecundity in maize and soya bean in the 3‐ and 4‐year rotations, increases in Δ for A. theophrasti populations were prevented in these systems because of low fecundity in triticale and low seedling survival and fecundity in lucerne. For Setaria faberi populations, Δ remained stable in the 2‐year rotation, increased in the 3‐year rotation in both years, and increased in the 4‐year rotation in 1 year. The results of this study indicate that when herbicide use is reduced, rotations that include triticale and lucerne can facilitate the suppression of A. theophrasti. Rotations that include lucerne can contribute to restraining S. faberi population growth, given adequate levels of seedling mortality in this crop.     

我国经济林应对绿色技术壁垒的战略

我国经济林发展很快，但由于产地生态破坏、环境污染以及林农的不良耕作等原因，使按常规方式生产的产品安全质量下降，从而遇到了绿色技术壁垒的严峻挑战。只有抓住机遇，认真实施无公害生产，开发安全森林食品，才能拓展产品的国际国内市场，使我国经济林产业开发再上新台阶。