The development of size variation in Dover sole,Solea solea and turbot,Scophthalmus maximus: genetic variability between different geographical and among year class farmed strains

Growth and variation in size of turbot and sole larvae originating from different genetic sources were compared at different stocking densities, including genetically based information that might lead to a better knowledge of heterogeneity in cultivated populations. There was no effect of density on growth rate in either species. However, between the two sole batches there was an earlier metamorphosis of faster growing fish from Norway. In sole groups after metamorphosis, variation was stable and therefore no development of size variation was observed. There was no density effect on size variation within turbot batches before, or after metamorphosis. Spreading rate and growth rate were positively correlated in sole larvae indicating that growth of the smaller fish was not equal to the larger ones, but size variation followed a different pattern in turbot. No evidence for either overall significant heterozygosity excess, or deficiency was evidenced in the farmed strains of either species . However, significant differences between farmed populations in terms of genetic variability (θ) were reported, which was rather attributed to within differentiation than between strains. One could safely argue that different strains of Dover sole originated from different genetic sources (factorial analysis). Moreover, when the analysis was extended to individual loci to assess whether specific loci had any consistently larger, or smaller effect on heterozygosity, locus specific significant trends were discerned in turbot. A positive Heterozygosity Fitness (growth rate) Correlation (HFC) suggests that heterozygotes reported enhanced growth rates compared with homozygous ones in flatfish larvae, thus special precautions should be taken into account whenever different genetic structure patterns emerge, because of various flatfish broodstock geographical origin and year class samples.     

养殖鲆鲽类免疫增强剂的研究进展

鲆鲽类由于肉质鲜美、营养丰富、经济价值高、宜低温养殖已成为我国重要的海水养殖鱼类。近年来随着集约化养殖程度的提高和规模的扩大,疾病频发,阻碍了养殖业发展。免疫增强剂作为一种主动预防疾病的有效手段,在鲆鲽类的养殖中已经开始推广应用。介绍了多糖、寡糖、维生素、微生态制剂和中草药等多种类型免疫增强剂在养殖鲆鲽类的生长、免疫和抗病力方面的作用,以及加工工艺、给药方法等方面的研究进展。     

Influence of temperature on growth and survival of juvenile winter flounder,Pseudopleuronectes americanus (Walbaum) reared under continuous light

Winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus, has emerged as a promising candidate flatfish for cold‐water aquaculture and restocking. Here, juveniles were reared for 8 weeks at three temperatures: 10, 15, and 20°C under 24‐hr light. All fish were imaged at stocking and at 2‐week intervals, where growth was measured as changes in standard length (S_L) and body area (B_A). By week 2, fish reared at 15 and 20°C were larger than those grown at 10°C. At weeks 4 to 6, fish at 15°C were larger than fish at 20°C. Linear regressions were used to model growth dynamics over time at each temperature. Highly significant linear growth trajectories were detected over time for S_L and B_A. S_L and B_A regressions also showed a significant difference among the slopes across temperatures, where comparing slopes showed the best temperature to rear the flounder was 15°C. Weights of fish held at 15°C and 20°C were greater than at 10°C at the termination of the experiment. Within each temperature, the growth rate of malpigmented fish was not different from that of the normally pigmented fish. Overall, growth of winter flounder was comparable to that of other commercially produced flatfish species, providing strong evidence for this flatfish species as a potential species for aquaculture.     

酶法制备鱼骨胶原多肽螯合钙的研究

以鲽鱼骨为原料,采用酶法制备鲽鱼骨胶原多肽螯合钙,优化鲽鱼骨胶原多肽螯合钙合成工艺参数。分析pH与酶解时间对鲽鱼骨胶原多肽功能特性的影响,在单因素试验的基础上采用正交试验,以螯合率为指标,研究多肽液与骨粉酸解液体积比、pH、反应温度和反应时间对骨胶原多肽与鲽鱼骨粉酸解液螯合反应的影响。结果表明:采用碱性蛋白酶为酶制剂,pH为8,温度60℃条件下酶解1h所得的骨胶原多肽具有良好的溶解性、热稳定性和乳化性。采用体积比为3∶1的多肽液与骨粉酸解液为螯合反应液,pH 8,反应温度40℃,螯合40min得到的产品螯合率最高,为98.64%。     

Comparison of visual acuity and visual axis of three flatfish species with different ecotypes

ABSTRACT:   The visual acuity, visual axis and visual accommodation of pointhead flounder, slime flounder, and red halibut were determined to obtain basic knowledge for developing appropriate fishing gear and fishing methods for sustainable fisheries. Each of these species has a different ecotype in terms of habitat, depth and prey species. Thus, it was hypothesized that they may differ in terms of visual acuity, visual axis and visual accommodation. Few studies have compared these characters in flatfishes from different ecotypes. We used histological methods to determine visual acuity (i.e. cone cell density) and visual axis (i.e. cone cell distribution) in each of these species. The maximum visual acuity was 0.127 in pointhead flounder (total length, TL 344 mm), 0.092 in slime flounder (TL 372 mm) and 0.109 in red halibut (TL 336 mm). Based on the cone cell distribution in the retina, the visual axis was upward and forward in pointhead flounder, forward and downward in slime flounder, and downward in red halibut. Finally, the mean angle of lens movement was −2° in pointhead flounder, −13° in slime flounder and −32° in red halibut. This measurement of lens movement indicated that the average near-point distance was 0.87 × TL in pointhead flounder, 0.65 × TL in slime flounder and 1.02 × TL in red halibut. At similar TL (336–355 mm), the visual acuity of these species differs depending on the direction in which they are looking.     

Use of probiotic bacteria in the rearing of Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) larvae

Three candidate probiotics, which had shown antimicrobial activity in vitro against two fish pathogens, were used in the rearing of Senegalese sole larvae and postlarvae. These probiotics improved the survival of starved sole yolk‐sac larvae. A feeding experiment of sole larvae and postlarvae comprised three treatments: A, B and C. Cultures of a Vibrio sp. (2J18) were added to treatment A, whereas a gram‐positive (J84) and a Shewanella sp. strain (2J27), were added to treatment B, while in a control treatment C no bacteria were added. Addition of bacteria in treatment B increased survival of larvae in the first phase of the experiment [0–20 days after hatching (DAH) (P<0.05)] and decreased the numbers of colony‐forming units (CFU) in larval gut 5 DAH compared with the control treatment (P<0.05). No differences were observed in survival (25–47%) during the second phase of the experiment (20–60 DAH). Nevertheless, the total numbers of CFU in fish gut 40 DAH were significantly lower in treatment B (P<0.05). The colonization rates of the added bacteria were the highest 5 and 11 DAH, and the highest average values reached were 65%, 82% and 17% of the total CFU count for the strains 2J18, 2J27 and J84 respectively.     

鲆鲽类养殖技术需求分析

通过对鲆鲽类主产区养殖户进行抽样调查,分析养殖户所关心的技术问题,包括海水资源利用、鱼苗、鱼药和饲料等关键投入要素,分析了产生这些问题的原因。在统计分析的基础上,进一步阐明了政府部门、科研单位、企业和行业协会在解决相关问题时应该参与的程度,最后提出相关政策建议。