The Finding and Phylogenetic Evolution Analysis of Bovine Piroplasms in the Rasǒn Area of North Korea

The objective of this study was to investigate the epidemiology of bovine Piroplasms infections in the Rasǒn area of North Korea.The survey was carried out by light microscopic examination of Giemsa-stained blood smears,PCR,and phylogenetic evolution analysis of 128 blood samples collected from the Rasǒn area.The results showed that the infection rates of the small and large parasites were about 2.5 and 1.5% on average,respectively,in all Theileria sergenti and Babesia ovatapositive blood smears by microscopic examination of blood smears.The detection rate of T.sergenti Giemsa-stained smears was 43.75%,while that with PCR was 67.97%.The detection rate of B.ovata Giemsa-stained smears was 49.21%,while that with PCR was 71.88%.The sequence and phylogenetic analysis of DNA showed 98.84% homology between the 18S rRNA gene sequences of T.sergenti isolates from North Korean and that of Yanbian state from China,indicating the closest genetic relationship between both of them.Moreover,100% homology was shown between the 18S rRNA gene sequence of B.ovata isolates from North Korea and the published sequence AY081192 of GenBank,indicating the closest genetic relationship between both of them.This survey confirmed that Ras n is the endemic area of T.sergenti and B.ovata in North Korea.     

Characterization of the serum metabolic profile of dairy cows with milk fever using 1H-NMR spectroscopy

Background: Milk fever (MF) is a common calcium metabolism disorder in perinatal cows. Currently, information regarding the detailed metabolism in cows suffering from MF is scant.

Objective: The purpose was to study the metabolic profiling of serum samples from cows with MF in comparison to control cows, and thereby exploring other underlying pathological mechanisms of this disease.

Animals and methods: In the current study, we compared the serum metabolomic profile of dairy cows with MF (n = 8) to that of healthy dairy cows (n = 24) using a 500-MHz digital ¹H-nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR) spectrometer. Based on their clinical presentation and serum calcium concentration, cows were assigned either to the control group (no MF symptoms and serum calcium concentration >2.5 mmol/L) or to the MF group (MF symptoms and serum calcium concentration <1.4 mmol/L). For statistical analysis, a one-way analysis of variance was performed.

Results: We identified differences regarding nine metabolites between the two groups, among which glucose, alanine, glycerol, phosphocreatine, and gamma-aminobutyrate decreased, and β-hydroxybutyrate, acetone, pyruvate, and lysine increased in cows with MF. Most of these were carbohydrates and amino acids involved in various energy metabolism pathways.

Conclusion: The different metabolites in cows with MF reflected the pathological features of negative energy balance and fat mobilization, suggesting that MF is associated with altered energy metabolism.

Clinical importance: The ¹H-NMR spectroscopy can be used to understand the pathogenesis of MF and identify biomarkers of the disease.     

牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒的分离鉴定与灭活疫苗免疫效果研究

由2例疑似牛传染性鼻气管炎（IBR）病例的荷斯坦奶牛分离到一株病毒,命名为IBRV—C1株。该病毒可被IBR标准阳性血清完全中和;接种MDBK细胞可出现IBR病毒典型细胞病变效应;选取IBR病毒gB蛋白基因序列设计引物进行PCR检测和基因测序,结果可扩增出特异性目的片段;动物回归试验显示,3头牛均可见体温升高、鼻流粘液、呼吸困难等典型的IBR临床症状。在此基础上制备了三批牛传染性鼻气管炎灭活疫苗,并进行了疫苗安全性和效力试验,结果表明三批疫苗对靶动物安全,免疫效果较好,免疫牛中和抗体效价几何平均值可达1：41以上,攻毒保护率达5／5。     

北京地区奶牛场牛传染性鼻气管炎、牛病毒性腹泻病风险评估及流行情况分析

本研究对北京地区中小奶牛场及养殖小区进行了牛传染性鼻气管炎(IBR)、牛病毒性腹泻病(BVD)的风险评估.结果表明,参试牛场及小区的后备牛IBR血清阳性率达50.52％,BVD血清抗体阳性率达70.98％;从牛场水平看,24个牛场中IBR抗体场间阳性率达到50％ (12/24),BVD抗体场间阳性率达到87.50％(21/24),IBR高风险牛场9个,BVD高风险牛场12个,双高风险牛场7个.此次评估结果表明,北京地区IBR流行情况较为严重,应考虑疫苗免疫;参试的大部分牛场有BVDV的急性感染史或接触史,高风险牛场应启动BVDV清除计划.     

The prevalence of macroscopic sarcocysts in New Zealand cattle at slaughter

A survey carried out to determine the prevalence of visible Sarcocystis spp. infection in 100 slaughtered cattle in a South Island abattoir revealed 64% infected. Although all ages, genders, breeds and export grades were infected, only host age had a statistically significant effect on the infection rate.

Infections were most common in the rectus abdominis and the psoas muscles (47% and 41% respectively). Most infections were light, with less than ten macrocysts seen, though infections of more than 50 macrocysts occurred.

The average macrocyst length was 4.1±0.10 mm (SE) (n = 233), the average cyst wall thickness 5.3 ±0,12 μm (SE) (n = 45).

It is thought that the actual prevalence of infection is higher than that recorded and reasons for this are discussed.     

Recent progress in bovine somatic cell nuclear transfer

Bovine somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos can develop to the blastocyst stage at a rate similar to that of embryos produced by in vitro fertilization. However, the full‐term developmental rate of SCNT embryos is very low, owing to the high embryonic and fetal losses after embryo transfer. In addition, increased birth weight and postnatal mortality are observed at high rates in cloned calves. The low efficiency of SCNT is probably attributed to incomplete reprogramming of the donor nucleus and most of the developmental problems of clones are thought to be caused by epigenetic defects. Applications of SCNT will depend on improvement in the efficiency of production of healthy cloned calves. In this review, we discuss problems and recent progress in bovine SCNT.     

父源性印记基因在牛早期胚胎中的表达

【目的】研究父源印记基因在牛早期胚胎中的表达模式。【方法】利用Real-time PCR技术,检测Gnas、Grb10和Xist这3个父源性印记基因在牛体外受精（In vitro Fertilization,IVF）和孤雌激活（Parthenogenetic Activation,PA）胚胎各发育阶段的表达情况。【结果】对于IVF和PA两种来源的牛胚胎,Gnas在胚胎各发育阶段的表达没有明显差异;Grb10在2细胞阶段的PA胚胎中的表达量明显高于在IVF胚胎的,但从4细胞阶段到囊胚阶段,Grb10在两种来源的牛胚胎中表达没有明显差异;从2细胞阶段到8细胞阶段,Xist在两种来源的牛胚胎中表达没有明显差异,但从16细胞期开始,Xist在PA胚胎中的表达明显高于IVF胚胎的表达量。【结论】对于牛IVF胚胎和PA胚胎,Gnas、Grb10和Xist从2细胞期到囊胚期都可以检测到表达,但表达模式不同。这3个父源性印记基因在牛胚胎发育过程中可能发挥着重要的作用。     

牛fabp3和fabp4基因真核表达载体的构建 及在小鼠成肌细胞中的表达

【目的】分别构建牛fabp3和fabp4基因真核表达载体,并观察载体转染小鼠成肌细胞后基因的表达以及对内源fabp3和fabp4基因表达的影响,检测肉质性状形成相关基因在转基因细胞中的表达及对内源功能基因的影响。【方法】 以pDsRED质粒为骨架载体,分别将人肌红蛋白启动子与目的基因相连、CMV启动子与红色荧光蛋白报告基因相连构建肌肉特异性表达fabp3基因的载体pDsHF3和表达fabp4基因的载体pDsHF4;用脂质体瞬时转染小鼠成肌细胞,72 h后用2%孕马血清诱导成肌细胞向肌管的分化;利用real-time PCR技术检测转染前后成肌细胞中外源牛fabp3和fabp4基因和内源小鼠fabp3和fabp4基因的表达量。【结果】与对照组相比,小鼠成肌细胞分别转染pDsHF3和pDsHF4表达载体,24 h后外源牛fabp3和fabp4基因均获得高水平的表达,48 h后有所回落;而内源小鼠fabp3和fabp4基因在成肌细胞和诱导分化的肌管细胞中的表达均受到不同程度的影响。【结论】构建的真核表达载体能在成肌细胞中高效表达,外源牛fabp3或fabp4基因的转入能够影响小鼠成肌细胞及肌管中内源fabp3和fabp4基因的表达。     

我国部分地区奶牛乳房炎病例中金黄色葡萄球菌血清型及毒力调查

为了解我国奶牛乳房炎病例中金黄色葡萄球菌(S.aureus)流行血清型和不同血清型菌株的毒力情况,本研究采用玻板凝集和双重PCR方法分别对北京、山西、内蒙古、山东、浙江和新疆奶牛乳房炎乳样中分离的191株S.aureus进行血清分型并从各血清型中随机选取100株菌以小白鼠进行毒力测定.结果表明:这些地区牛源S.aureus中,336PS型为流行血清型,占60.2％(115/191),CP8型占19.4％(37/191),CP5型占11.5％(22/191),未分型菌株占8.9％(17/191).毒力测定显示:336PS、CP8和CP5型菌株中强毒力菌株分别占65.1％、62.9％及61.9％,未分型菌株中强毒力菌株为22.2％.该调查为我国奶牛乳房炎S.aureus疫苗菌株的筛选提供了依据.     

Impact of Bovine Skeletal Muscle Satellite Cell Differentiation by Small Interfering RNA Targeting Myogenin Gene

To examine the effect of myogenin gene on the differentiation of bovine skeletal muscle satellite cell, we constructed small interfering RNA plasmid vector to obtain myogenin knockdown bovine skeletal muscle cells, then used cell transfection, real time RCR and Western Blot to detect the influence of myogenin to cell differentiation. Results showed that the knockdown of myogenin significantly decreased its expression and other muscle-specific genes. Compared to the control, it could differentiate into few myotubes when challenged by low serum in the medium. These findings provided an important theoretical basis for further explore of the genetic mechanism in adult skeletal muscle, the remedy of muscle injuries and the cultivation of high-yield transgenic cattle.