微生物固态发酵对饲料营养特性的影响

采用酵母菌单菌和酵母菌、乳酸菌混菌对玉米、豆粕和麸皮组成的饲料进行好氧固态发酵,探索其对饲料营养成分和体外功能活性的影响。结果表明,发酵后,粗蛋白、总磷和低分子量肽含量显著(P<0.05)提高,而粗脂肪含量显著(P<0.05)降低。氨基酸方面,酵母单菌和混菌发酵后,天冬氨酸、丝氨酸、酪氨酸、苯丙氨酸和精氨酸的含量显著(P<0.05)提高。与发酵前相比,酵母单菌发酵还显著(P<0.05)提高了总氨基酸含量。饲料经过单菌和混菌发酵后,总酚含量、维生素B2、B6以及咖啡酸、没食子酸的含量亦显著(P<0.05)提高。体外功能评价试验表明,发酵饲料提取液对大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、藤黄微球菌和沙门氏菌等4种指示菌均有抑制效果,并对酵母菌和乳酸菌有促生长作用。由此可知,在本试验条件下,酵母单菌发酵和酵母、乳酸菌混菌发酵处理可有效提高饲料的营养品质。     

温度、饵料质量对不同规格刺参摄食率、吸收效率的影响

为了解刺参摄食的生理生态学特性,本实验在室内模拟研究了不同体质量刺参[A(4.77±0.95)g、B(15.12±1.14)g、C(34.77±7.95)g、D(78.13±4.99)g]的有机物摄食率、吸收效率分别对饵料质量[Ⅰ(100%海泥)、Ⅱ(88%海泥+12%海带粉)、Ⅲ(76%海泥+24%海带粉)、Ⅳ(64%海泥+36%海带粉)]及温度[(5.1±0.4)、(10.9±0.7)、(12.5±0.6)、(14.2±0.7)和(16.1±0.6)℃]变化的响应。结果表明,摄食率(OIR)与饵料质量(OC)回归方程为OIR=a×OC/(OC+b),其中a、b分别为最大摄食率与半饱和常数;双因素方差分析结果显示,饵料质量、体质量对刺参摄食影响极显著,而二者交互作用对其影响不显著。与温度(T)的关系为OIR=c×T2+d×T+e,c=-(0.007 5~0.016 4)、d=0.298~0.769、e=-(0.742~1.977);水温、体质量对刺参摄食均有显著影响;而其交互作用对摄食率的影响极显著,对吸收效率则不显著。饵料质量、温度和初始体质量(WW)组合双因子与摄食率的关系分别为OIR=12.55×WW-0.361+7.92×OC/(OC+4.373)-4.70,OIR=2.2×WW-0.384+0.033×WW-0.384×T2+0.077×T。协方差分析表明,其相关系数呈极显著水平。本研究量化了刺参摄食率与饵料质量、水温、体质量之间的相关关系,并初步掌握了有机物摄食率的变化规律。     

高效液相色谱法测定饲料中七种水溶性色素

应用高效液相色谱法建立了饲料中柠檬黄、桔黄、胭脂红、食品红、苋菜红、亮蓝、靛蓝7种水溶性色素测定的新方法。样品经40 mL乙腈-丙二醇-水-氨水(25:5:19:1)分两次提取,PWAX柱净化处理后,以0.02 mol/L乙酸铵溶液(pH=5.0)-乙腈为流动相进行梯度洗脱,7种水溶性色素经C18柱得到良好分离。7种水溶性色素在0.5(1.0) ~ 50 μg/mL范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均不小于0.999。亮蓝的检出限为0.25 mg/kg,定量限为0.5 mg/kg;柠檬黄、苋菜红、胭脂红、桔黄、食品红的检出限为0.5 mg/kg,定量限为1.0 mg/kg;靛蓝的检出限为1.0 mg/kg,定量限为2.0 mg/kg。饲料样品在定量限、低、中、高4个加标浓度下,7种水溶性色素的回收率为60.6% ～ 116.1%,相对标准偏差为0.9% ~ 7.3%,结果表明方法适用于饲料中7种水溶性色素的检测要求。该方法操作简单、准确、杂质干扰少。     

Effect of different culture conditions on the structural diversity of prokaryote communities in the sediment of earth ponds stocked with gilthead seabream Sparus aurata (Linnaeus, 1758)

In this study, we evaluate the use of polymerase chain reaction‐denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR‐DGGE) for monitoring the effect of different aquaculture practices on sediment prokaryote (Archaea and Bacteria) communities. The effect of initial fish (gilthead seabream Sparus aurata) stocking density on the structural diversity of prokaryote communities of earth ponds bottom sediments was evaluated using PCR‐DGGE after a 5 month grow‐out period. An identical approach was used to monitor the effect of supplying different fish feeds [commercial feed (CD) versus an ecofeed (ECO)]. One additional variable was the use of copper sulphate (CuSO₄) as an algicide in some of the experimental rearing tanks. The statistical analyses of prokaryote community profiles showed that the presence of fish in earth ponds significantly influenced the structure of sediment prokaryote communities, when compared with earth ponds without fish, independently of the stocking density. Our results also indicated that the structure of the prokaryote communities of earth ponds supplied with the ECO feed shared a strong similarity with that fed CD. Curiously, the use of CuSO₄ in ponds receiving the ECO feed promoted significant differences on the structural composition of the bacterial community, but not on the archaeal community. DGGE molecular fingerprints are suitable for fast evaluation of new management practices in food‐fish production on earth ponds by monitoring shifts on microbial communities in bottom sediments.     

柠条饲料加工利用技术研究

以柠条饲料开发利用的必要性为出发点,针对柠条原材料贮备、粉碎、饲喂方法与制粒技术等问题,重点阐述了柠条饲料研究与开发的意义、调制和粉碎方法等,旨在加速柠条资源的研究与开发力度,促使其向规模化、产业化的方向发展提供技术参考.     

Addition of the red macroalgae Turkish Towel Chondracanthus exasperates and taurine improves the performance of alternative plant‐based feeds for juvenile sablefish Anoplopoma fimbria

Turkish Towel Chondracanthus exasperates and taurine were added to alternative plant‐based feeds for juvenile sablefish Anoplopoma fimbria to evaluate the effect of these ingredients, alone or combined, on fish growth, feed intake and efficiency, whole body nutrient composition, and liver histomorphology. Fish growth was significantly increased with the addition of taurine, and to a lesser extent, Turkish Towel to the experimental feeds. Feed efficiency and protein retention were significantly improved with the addition of taurine, but were unaffected by Turkish Towel addition. As expected, whole body taurine content was significantly affected by taurine addition. Increases in whole body lipid were observed with both taurine and Turkish Towel addition, with a significant interaction between the two factors. Liver histomorphology was generally normal; however, histopathologic changes were observed in some fish at the end of the experiment. The occurrence of hepatocellular nuclear pleomorphism and clear cell foci was less among fish that had received the Turkish Towel feeds. The addition of taurine had no effect on the number of fish with a histopathologic change. Overall, results from this study reaffirm taurine supplementation is beneficial to sablefish receiving plant‐based feeds and indicate Turkish Towel may be a promising feed ingredient for this species.     

奶牛常用蛋白质饲料和粗饲料的瘤胃降解特性研究

本研究旨在评定不同蛋白质饲料(豆粕、双低菜籽粕、膨化大豆、玉米蛋白粉、棉籽粕)和粗饲料(苜蓿干草、全株玉米青贮、燕麦草、苜蓿青贮、羊草)的营养价值,并研究其奶牛瘤胃降解特性.选择5头安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的健康荷斯坦牛,采用尼龙袋评定法评定饲料瘤胃有效降解率和动态降解率.结果表明:1)各蛋白质饲料干物质(DM)含量差异不显...     

鸡朊粉饲喂生长兔试验

利用加利福尼亚肉兔６４只，随机分成４组，在饲粮中分别加入０％、１０％、２０％、３０％的鸡朊粉。结果表明：肉兔饲糖添加鸡朊粉是可行的，其中以１０％、２０％的添加比例效果较好，试验期增重分别比对照组高６．７６％和８．７２％，同时饲料报酬得到改善。     

鸡粪再生饲料饲喂哺乳母猪试验效果的研究

试验选用第三胎基础母猪３０头，技体重和产期相近原则随机等量分为３组，每组１０头。对照组母猪哺乳期喂基础饲料，试１组用１５％的鸡粪饲料代替精料，试２组与试１组营养水平基本相同，鸡粪饲料喂量为３０％。试验结果表明：各组仔猪２０日龄窝重，３５日龄窝重及哺乳期仔猪成活率等均无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）；母猪泌乳失重和哺乳期采食量各组差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）．以试１组母猪采食量较高，断奶窝重较大，表明在哺乳期母猪饲料中添加１５％的鸡粪饲料是可行的。