农户技术采纳行为偏好及影响因素研究--以水稻种植户为例

农户是农业技术的使用者,是农业新技术推广的重要力量。引导农户理性进行技术决策,积极采纳新技术,对推进新技术在现代农业发展中的主导作用具有十分重要的意义。通过对湖南省湘北、湘东2个水稻主产区县的138个水稻种植农户的技术采纳行为的实地调查,了解农户在水稻种植中主要采纳的技术类型,对农户的技术选择偏好进行了排序,并采用计量分析方法分析了主导农户技术采纳行为的主要外因和内因,最后提出了相应的建议。     

农户采用不同稻作方式的影响因素分析 ——基于江苏省淮安市淮安区的农户调研数据

【目的】探讨农户对不同稻作方式的采用行为及影响因素,为稻作方式的发展及推广工作提供科学依据。【方法】基于实地调研数据,运用Multinomial Logistic模型对农户采用直播稻、机插稻和手栽稻的行为结果及影响因素进行实证分析。【结果】稻作方式的省工特性对农户采用直播稻和机插稻均有显著影响;稻作方式信息可获得性对农户采用机插稻有显著影响;稻作方式的生产性投入与农户采用直播稻呈负相关;水稻种植面积与农户采用直播稻呈负相关,与农户采用机插稻呈正相关;农户兼业性与其采用直播稻和机插稻呈正相关。【结论】稻作方式的劳动投入量是影响农户采用行为的关键因素;农户的兼业性促进了其对轻简稻作方式的采用;生产性投入低是农户采用直播稻的重要原因。推进水稻规模经营、为农户提供方便有效的技术信息可促进机插稻的发展。     

Logistic Regression Analysis on Factors Affecting Adoption of Rice-Fish Farming in North Iran

We evaluated the factors influencing the adoption of rice-fish farming in the Tavalesh region near the Caspian Sea in northern Iran.We conducted a survey with open-ended questions.Data were collected from 184 respondents(61 adopters and 123 non-adopters) randomly sampled from selected villages and analyzed using logistic regression and multi-response analysis.Family size,number of contacts with an extension agent,participation in extension-education activities,membership in social institutions and the presence of farm workers were the most important socio-economic factors for the adoption of rice-fish farming system.In addition,economic problems were the most common issue reported by adopters.Other issues such as lack of access to appropriate fish food,losses of fish,lack of access to high quality fish fingerlings and dehydration and poor water quality were also important to a number of farmers.     

Adoption of management and technological practices by fishpond operators in Nepal

Abstract

This study examines adoption of major management and technological practices by fishpond operators in Nepal. A socio‐economic survey was conducted in 1994 covering 358 fishpond operators in eight of the 21 aquaculture production districts of Nepal. Factor and multiple regression models were employed in data analysis. The results indicate that 30 adoption practices can be summarized by six indices. The study suggests that the education level of fishpond operators plays an important role in increased adoption of management and technological practices. Ethnicity, geographical location, smaller fish farm size, access to inputs and cash reserves and proximity to market infrastructure also increase the probability of adoption of desirable management and technological practices.     

“玉米生产管理智能决策系统”推广应用制约因素分析

[研究目的]通过对"玉米生产管理智能决策系统"推广应用制约因素分析,为农业信息技术的大规模推广应用提供理论和实践依据;[方法]在实证法基础上,利用SPSS软件、借助Logit模型对制约因素进行定性、定量分析;[结果]影响农户采用"玉米生产管理智能决策系统"的制约因素包括技术自身优势是否明显、农户的性别、年龄、受教育程度及农户是否接受过相关技术培训等方面;[结论]模型分析表明影响农户采用"玉米生产管理智能决策系统"的决定因素是技术自身优势能否充分发挥出来及农户是否接受过相关技术培训.     

Modified rice cultivation in Tamil Nadu,India: Yield gains and farmers’ (lack of) acceptance

The looming water crisis and water-intensive nature of rice cultivation are driving the search for alternative management methods to increase water productivity in rice cultivation. Experiments were conducted under on-station and on-farm conditions to compare rice production using modified methods of irrigation, planting, weeding and nutrient management with conventional methods of cultivation. Farm surveys were used to evaluate adoption of modified rice cultivation method. On-station experiments showed that, a combination of water-saving irrigation, young seedling or direct seeding, mechanical weeding and green manure application increased the rice water productivity though the largest yields were obtained for a combination of conventional irrigation, young seedling or direct seeding, mechanical weeding and green manure application. On-farm experiments demonstrated a yield advantage of 1.5 t ha⁻¹ for the modified method over conventional method. We found, however, that yield advantages were not the sole factor driving adoption. Associated changes required in management, including the increased labour demand for modified planting, unwillingness of agricultural labourers to change practices, difficulties with modified nursery preparation and the need to replace cheaper women’s labour for hand weeding with more costly men’s labour for mechanical weeding, all reduced the chance of adopting the modified rice cultivation method. Risks associated with water-saving irrigation, such as uncertainty about the timing and amount of water release for irrigation affect adoption adversely as well. There was no incentive for farmers to adopt water-saving irrigation as water from reservoirs and electricity for pumping well-water are both free of charge. To date farmers continue to experiment with the modified cultivation method on a small part of their farms, but are unlikely to adopt the modified method on a large-scale unless policies governing water management are changed.     

信息能力能促进农户有机肥持续采纳吗?——基于收入不确定性视角

针对当前我国耕地质量持续提升的迫切需求和农户有机肥技术采纳持续性较低的问题,基于蔬菜主产区6个省份的1 667份农户调查数据,将信息能力纳入农户技术采纳决策模型,采用负二项回归和非参数Bootstrap方法,从理论和实证2个层面,对信息能力影响农户有机肥持续采纳行为的效果进行研究,并进一步验证收入不确定性的中介效应。结果表明：1)信息能力在1%水平上显著促进农户有机肥持续采纳行为,边际效应为0.740;2)信息能力对年龄≤52岁和受教育年限≥9年的农户的有机肥持续采纳行为影响最大,影响的边际效应分别为0.808和0.789;3)收入不确定性在信息能力对农户有机肥持续采纳的影响中具有显著的中介效应,其边际效应系数为0.035。政府应适时更新农业技术推广形式、完善生产经营配套的信息技术基建设施、提供针对性的信息培训服务,凭借提高信息能力促进农户有机肥持续采纳。     

环境规制、要素禀赋对养殖户粪污处理投入行为的影响

为揭示环境规制、要素禀赋对养殖户粪污处理投入行为的影响机制,提高养殖户环境风险认知,实现乡村文明建设和低碳循环生产方式,本研究基于肉鸭养殖生产大省养殖户的调查数据,通过多元回归模型从成本效应和波特效应视角分析环境规制、要素禀赋对肉鸭养殖户粪污处理投入行为的影响,并进一步分析不同组织形式养殖户粪污处理投入行为的异质性。结果显示：环境规制强度与肉鸭养殖户粪污资源化处理投入行为呈“倒U型”的关系;环境规制影响养殖户粪污投入行为,其中引导型规制的影响程度最高,影响系数为0.075,而且引导型规制与命令型规制和激励型规制的交互项对养殖户粪污投入行为的影响系数分别为0.062和0.038,具有显著的调节作用;要素禀赋是影响不同组织形式养殖户粪污资源化投入行为的主要因素,其中社会资本、物质资本显著影响养殖户粪污投入行为。为了提高养殖户粪污资源化处理认知、促进养殖户投入行为的实施,需要通过“组合型规制”因地制宜地进行适度环境规制,加强相关技术培训、宣传和推广,同时在提升政策有效实施的过程中鼓励养殖户积极与龙头企业进行合作养殖,优化肉鸭养殖的资源配置,进而实现肉鸭养殖生态效益与经济效益的双赢。     

Farmers' participatory selection of new rice varieties to boost production under temperate agro-ecosystems

In mountain agriculture, early maturity, high grain yield and high biomass are generally considered as farmer preferred traits in rice crop in addition to a multiple set of traits collectively responsible for variety adoption or rejection. The varieties tested only on station evaluation trials without taking the data from the farmers' fields by not including farmers as partners for variety evaluation are the reasons of low adoption of varieties. In this regard, a participatory methodology was followed by conducting a number of participatory trials in the farmers' fields during 2012–2014 in six districts of Kashmir Valley, India. The mother trials in the farmers' fields showed that the test variety SKUA-408 consistently and significantly out yielded Jhelum and farmers' variety followed by Shalimar rice 3(SR3). The other released varieties like SR1 and SR2 could not perform nicely in the farmers' fields because of late maturity. After making the t-test comparison of baby trials(paired plots), the mean yield superiority of test varieties SKUA-408, SR3, and SKUA-403 over farmers' variety during 2013 was around 23, 25, and 22%, respectively, whereas in 2014 the respective yield advantage was recorded as 16.3, 17.7, and 16.2%. In all districts, SKUA-408 and SR3 were significantly preferred by farmers(P0.05 or 0.01) in terms of pre-harvest traits namely, tillering ability and general phenotypic acceptability, early maturity and biomass and for post-harvest traits such as general cooking quality besides, the intention to grow the variety for next year. Adoption and dissemination of SKUA-408 began in 2014 from the farm-saved seed in the form of farmer to farmer seed exchange. Farmers are the end users of a variety so the decision by the farmers while judging the variety should be taken into consideration to make the varietal choice more effective for its widespread adoption.