Toxicity of chlorine to different sizes of black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) in low-salinity shrimp pond water

An experiment was conducted, in a dark room with controlled temperature (27.3–28.4 °C), to determine the acute toxicity of chlorine concentration to black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon fabicus) of sizes 0.02 g, 2.75 g, 8.47 g and 23.65 g. Toxicity tests on each of these shrimp sizes were run in triplicate in glass jars under static conditions without media renewal. The concentration of active chlorine that killed 50% of the shrimp of each size after 24‐h exposure (LC₅₀‐24 h) was used as an indicator of acute toxicity. Chlorine concentrations applied in the shrimp toxicity test ranged from 2.0 to 14.5 mg L^?1 in shrimp pond water. As the test water contained total suspended solids of 22.0–85.0 mg L^?1 and total ammonia nitrogen of 0.18–0.40 mg L^?1, the resultant concentrations of combined residual chlorine ranged from 0.6 to 3.5 mg L^?1, which were the effective doses causing shrimp mortality. The test results showed that 24‐h LC₅₀ for average shrimp size at 0.02, 2.75, 8.47 and 23.65 g occurred in water containing combined residual chlorine at a concentration of 0.91, 1.39, 1.74 and 1.98 mg L^?1, for which the original application doses were 6.96, 2.05 11.50 and 13.34 mg L^?1 respectively.     

Evaluation of cholesterol additions to a soyabean meal-based diet for juvenile Pacific white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei (Boone), in an outdoor growth trial

Cholesterol is considered a required nutrient for penaeid shrimps, but an optimal level has not been defined. A 68-day grow-out trial was conducted in 1300-L outdoor tanks in Hawaii, USA, to determine the cholesterol level required in a soyabean meal-based diet for juvenile Pacific white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei (Boone). Test feeds were prepared by adding six cholesterol levels (1.0-10.2 g kg^?1, as-fed basis) to a standard diet high in plant-protein meals, starch and flour. These feeds were provided to the shrimp three times daily. Harvest weights and weekly growth increments varied significantly among diets. The 2.3 g kg^?1 and 4.2 g kg^?1 cholesterol diets yielded better growth than the 1.0 g kg^?1 and 10.2 g kg^?1 diets. Survival and feed conversion ratios did not vary significantly among diets. Significant dietary cholesterol effects on growth of P. vannamei in conditions resembling commercial grow-out indicate that its inclusion in practical diets at more accurately defined levels is necessary. Optimal cholesterol levels for juvenile shrimp may be lower than those now utilized, and may vary relative to the contribution of free sterols from natural foods in shrimp ponds.     

Effect of shrimp head protein hydrolysates on the state of water and denaturation of fish myofibrils during dehydration

ABSTRACT:   To utilize fisheries waste products as food materials with functional properties, shrimp head protein hydrolysates (SHPH) from three species of shrimp, that is, Northern pink shrimp ( Pandalus eous ), Endeavour shrimp ( Metapenaeus endeavouri ) and Black tiger shrimp ( Penaeus monodon ), were produced by enzymatic hydrolysis using endopeptidase derived from Bacillus subtilis and exopeptidase derived from Aspergillus oryzae at a level of 0.1% (w/w). SHPH were rich in protein (90–91%) and amino acids (71–84%) but little fat (0.01–0.02%). The average molecular weight of SHPH was 300–1400. The effect of 5% SHPH (dry basis) addition on the state of water and denaturation of lizard fish myofibrils (Mf) during the dehydration process was evaluated by the desorption isotherm and the Ca-ATPase activity, and compared with the effect of sodium glutamate (Na-Glu). SHPH decreased the water activity and the Ca-ATPase inactivation, and increased monolayer sorbed water and multilayer sorbed water of Mf, although these effects of SHPH were smaller than those of Na-Glu. These findings suggest that the SHPH suppressed dehydration-induced denaturation of myofibrillar protein by stabilizing the hydrated water surrounding myofibrils.     

光合细菌在虾病防治中的作用研究

本文着重研究光合细菌(PSB)在虾病防治中的作用,结果表明:对虾养殖池施用光合细菌后,随PSB浓度的增加水质、底泥中弧菌和异养细菌数量而逐渐减少,表明了PSB具有调节和改善养殖的微生态环境的作用。PSB还能降低底泥中的有机质和硫化物含量,降低COD含量,并提高养殖水体的溶解氧,改善水生环境。本文还分析了PSB在长毛对虾幼体培育中的应用效果,光合细菌的营养通过食物链的传递,促进对虾生长,增强对虾抗病能力,降低发病率和死亡率。     

Incentive for shifts in water management systems by shrimp culturists in southern Thailand

ABSTRACT:   Water management systems and other business situations of shrimp culturists were surveyed in two districts in southern Thailand. There were three types of water management systems in southern Thailand, namely closed, semiclosed and open systems, categorized by the frequency of exchange of pond water. Shrimp culturists in those districts tended to shift their system from the open system to the closed system of their own accord, and the average net income ratio decreased due to the change of water management system in a district from more than 2 to less than 1. The reason for this shift, in spite of the decrease in the profit rate, was prevention of infectious disease caused by water exchange. In conclusion, it was proven that independent shrimp culturists, such as medium and small scale shrimp pond owners in southern Thailand, would accept short-term decreases in profit rate in order to stabilize production.     

密植浒苔对冬季露天池塘池底水温、酸碱度和溶解氧的影响效应

借助环境数据实时采集装置,于2014年1月5日至1月22日连续开展了冬季露天池塘培植浒苔对池底水温、酸碱度和溶解氧的实时监测工作。结果表明：（1）密植浒苔可在不改变池底水温峰值期时辰数的基础上,提前1个时辰到达峰值,在不影响到达谷底时辰的同时,使低谷期缩短了1个时辰,并由此延长了水温由峰到谷的转换时长;（2）密植浒苔可保持池底p H值的基本稳定,并在不改变池底p H值时段变化节律的基础上,使日均p H值由9.3下调至8.6;（3）密植浒苔在对池底DO值的时序变化影响上与池底水温相仿,并使日均DO值由10.61mg/L下调至6.80mg/L。     

湛江近海虾拖网虾蟹类渔获组成

在2012 年8 月进行的南海北部虾拖网海上调查的基础上,对虾蟹类渔获的种类组成、生物学特征和幼 体比例等进行了分析。结果显示,渔获种类一共71 种,其中虾蟹类15 种,但其产量却占总产量的82.34%;虾类优势 种为日本囊对虾（Marsupenaeus japonicus）、刀额新对虾（Metapenaeus ensis）、近缘新对虾（M. affinis）和周氏新对虾（M. joyneri）;蟹类优势种为红星梭子蟹（Portunus sanguinolentus）、三疣梭子蟹（P. trituberculatus）和远海梭子蟹（P. pelagicus）;刀额新对虾的幼虾比例为73.36%,三疣梭子蟹的幼蟹比例为78.79%。最后,探讨了促进南海虾蟹类资源 合理利用的措施。     

金融危机后全球对虾贸易格局与出口竞争力研究

受国际金融危机的影响,全球经济增长放缓,对虾市场也受到了一定的冲击.金融危机后,对虾贸易开始复苏,并仍然集中在亚洲、美洲和欧洲三大区域.其中,泰国、越南、中国、印度尼西亚、印度的对虾产品国际市场占有率较高,并对美欧日三大进口市场具有较高的渗透率;厄瓜多尔、越南、泰国、孟加拉的对虾出口竞争力很强;上述国家对虾产品的比较优势显著.通过对湛江国联水产出口经验的借鉴,为增强中国对虾出口竞争力提供了启示.     

3种对虾种间RAPD遗传标记

用RAPD技术对虾属中凡纳对虾、日本对虾和中国对虾基因组DNA的特异性遗传标记进行分析，筛选了OPK和OPE两个系列40个引物，有37个引物获得了片段长度在250-2200bp之间且重复性良好的谱带，其中34个引物均可以将1种、2种甚至3种对虾分别区别开来，共获得了264个扩增片段，其中3种对虾特异性片段95个，每个引物分别获得了1-7个大小不等的片段，凡纳对虾获得了28个特异性片段，日本对虾获得了32个特异性片段，中国对虾获得了35个特异性片段。通过Popgnen1.32种群遗传分析软件包计算结果表明：日本与对虾与中国对虾的遗传距离最大，高达0.9096；日本对虾与凡纳对虾的遗传距离次之，为0.8608；凡纳对虾与中国对虾的遗传距离最小，其值为0.6219。根据遗传距离指数，用UPGMA方法进行聚类分析，构建系统树。     

中国对虾（Penaeus chinensis）养成期虾池水体和底质及虾体异养菌和弧菌含量的变化

本文报道了辽宁省瓦房店市邓屯乡高家养虾场对虾养成期虾池水体和底质及虾体异养菌和弧菌含量的变化。结果表明外海水中异养菌数量为１０￣４～１０￣５个／毫升，弧菌数量为１０￣２～１０￣３个／毫升，虾池水中异养菌数量为１０￣４～１０￣５个／毫升，弧菌数量为１０￣２～１０￣４个／毫升，底质中异养菌数量为１０￣５～１０￣７个／克，弧菌数量为１０￣３～１０￣４个／克。虾体肌肉中异养菌数量为１０￣３～１０￣５个／克，弧菌数量为１０￣３～１０￣５个／克；肝胰脏中异养菌数量为１０￣３～１０￣７个／克，弧菌数量为１０￣２～１０￣７个／克；肠道中异养菌数量为１０￣６～１０￣７个／克，弧菌数量为１０￣６～１０￣７个／克。