光辐射强度对侧柏油松幼苗光合特性与水分利用效率的影响

 探讨不同土壤水分条件下光辐射强度对侧柏和油松苗木光合特性与水分利用效率的影响规律,可为林木栽培和管理提供科学依据。在黄土半干旱区,采用人工控制土壤水分的方法,利用模拟光源研究了侧柏和油松苗木的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率和胞间CO2浓度随模拟光辐射增强的变化规律。结果表明:在模拟光辐射为0～2200μmol/（m2.s）的范围内,侧柏和油松叶片的净光合速率、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率均随光辐射强度的增强而增大,但光辐射强度进一步增强,侧柏和油松净光合速率和水分利用效率呈下降趋势;在同样土壤水分条件下,侧柏净光合速率、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率高于油松,侧柏光饱和点高于油松,而侧柏光补偿点低于油松,侧柏光能利用率高于油松;随着土壤水分的增加,侧柏与油松净光合速率、蒸腾速率和胞间CO2浓度升高,而水分利用效率降低。在土壤含水量为7.90%、13.00%和19.99%条件下,侧柏光饱和点分别为1275、1 450和1 675μmol/（m2.s）,光补偿点分别为4225和13μmol/（m2.s）,由光饱和点对应最大净光合速率分别为3.04、4.06和5.53μmol/（m2.s）;在土壤含水量为7.83%1、3.04%与20.15%条件下,油松光饱和点分别为11001、325和1500μmol/（m2.s）,光补偿点分别为60.30和23μmol/（m2.s）,由光饱和点对应最大净光合速率分别为1.08、3.35和4.36μmol/（m2.s）。     

UV-B辐射胁迫对水稻叶绿素荧光动力学的影响

研究结果表明，增强的紫外线－B（UV－B，280－320nm）辐射会导致水稻植株矮化4.71%-16.59%、叶面积变小、干物质生产量减少11.79%-60.57%。究其原因主要是叶片光合作用色素叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量的降低和叶绿素a荧光动力学参数的改变，光合系统Ⅱ受到破坏，光合作用能力下降、生长发育受阻。     

山茶花Camellia japonicalL辐射诱变效应

本试验用~(60)Co γ射线处理山茶花的嫩枝插条,1年生小苗和3—4年生植株,研究其辐射敏感性和诱变规律。结果表明,嫩枝插条的适宜剂量范围为1—3krad,成长植株宜控制在2krad以下。不同品种对射线敏感性不同,所引起的花色、花型突变频率亦不同,其辐度在2.5—12.0％。经3年选育,已获得观赏价值高的突变体。     

60Co-γ射线对菊花组培苗的诱变效应

对菊花(Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.)品种秋之山的组培苗, 采用5～30 Gy的60Co-γ射线照射处理。研究了γ射线对组培苗生长、增殖和生根的影响以及对组培再生植株移栽后生长开花的影响。结果表明20 Gy是γ射线处理菊花组培苗的致死剂量；从生根和继代培养生长和增殖的结果看，诱变处理的最佳剂量在10 Gy左右；组培再生植株移栽后发现，10 Gy处理的植株中花色变异率为8.2%。与对照花鲜艳的纯黄色相比，变异花增加了不同深浅的红色素，且突变植株均为同质稳定突变。     

日光温室黄瓜群体结构参数及群体内辐射分布分析

为研究作物群体结构与环境要素的关系，观测了日光温室内黄瓜不同生育时期的群体结构参数和群体内太阳总辐射的水平分布和垂直分布。发现叶面积指数、叶面积密度、叶倾角、叶方位角等结构要素在不同生育时期有明显的变化：随生育的进展，叶面积指数稳定增加，叶面积密度生育前期明显上升、后期有所下降，最大叶面积密度所在高度随黄瓜生长逐渐上移；叶倾角分布主要以水平叶为主；叶方位角以偏南居多，偏北叶所占比例较少；不同黄瓜品种间叶方位角和叶倾角也存在差异。这些变化与差异对黄瓜群体的辐射分布有重要影响，也直接影响群体叶的光合速率，此结果可为建立黄瓜群体辐射分布模型进一步优化日光温室结构，建立日光温室内作物生长模型、环境调节控制策略等提供理论依据，另外，对植株的调控技术(如整枝打杈技术等)也有一定的参考意义。     

The combined effects of enhanced UV-B radiation and selenium on growth, chlorophyll fluorescence and ultrastructure in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) treated in the field

The possible ameliorative effects of selenium (Se) addition to soil on the detrimental effects of enhanced UV-B radiation were tested on strawberry and barley during 4 months of field experiment in Kuopio, Central Finland. Control plants were exposed to ambient levels of UV radiation, using arrays of unenergized lamps. A control for UV-A radiation was also included in the experiment. Added Se, applied as H₂SeO₄, at the level of 0.1 mg kg⁻¹ soil (low dosage) and 1 mg kg⁻¹ soil (high dosage) increased Se concentrations in plants more than 10 and 100 times, respectively. After 4 months of exposure, strawberry and barley plants were harvested for biomass analysis. Chlorophyll fluorescence was measured using the Hansatech FMS2 fluorescence monitoring system. Leaf anatomy and ultrastructure were observed by light and transmission electron microscope. Several effects of UV and Se as well as their interaction were found, mostly for strawberry, but not for barley, indicating species-specific responses. Our results provided evidence that the high Se concentration in soil had no ameliorative effect but increased the sensitivity of strawberry to enhanced UV-B radiation in the field. Under ambient radiation, Se did not alter leaf growth of strawberry, whereas under UV-B radiation, the high Se addition significantly decreased leaf growth. Strawberry runner biomass was affected by the interaction of Se and UV. Under ambient radiation Se did not change dry weight of runners, but in combination with UV-A or UV-B radiation the high Se dosage decreased dry weight of runners by about 30%. Although the high Se concentration positively influenced on quantum efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) in strawberry leaves, it reduced runner biomass, leaf number and ratio of starch to chloroplast area. This suggests that the harmful effects of the high Se dosage on photosynthetic processes occurred as a result of changes in activity or/and biosynthesis of enzymes, rather than alteration of PSII. At the low concentration, Se effects were slight and variable.Although barley leaves accumulated higher Se concentrations than strawberry, there were no apparent changes in their growth, biomass or chlorophyll fluorescence due to Se effect either alone or in combination with UV-B. However, at the ultrastructural level, an enlargement in the peroxisome area was found due to combination of UV radiation with Se, suggesting the activation of antioxidative enzymes, possibly catalase. Decrease in mitochondrial density in barley cells in response to Se might be attributed to alteration of mitochondrial division. Increase in the proportion of cells with cytoplasmic lipid bodies due to combined effect of UV-B and Se indicated the alteration of lipid metabolism and the acceleration of cell senescence in barley. Main UV-B effects were found, mostly at the tissue and ultrastructural level in strawberry, but not in barley, indicating species-specific susceptibility to enhanced UV-B radiation. UV-B-treated strawberry plants developed marginally thinner leaves with reduced ratio of starch to chloroplast area in their cells, suggesting negative influence of UV-B on photosynthetic processes.     

秦岭火地塘林区油松林辐射平衡特征研究

测定和分析了2005年8-10月份、2006年4-7月份秦岭火地塘林区油松林太阳辐射的变化,并通过归类对晴天、阴天辐射平衡分量以及反射率、净辐射率、有效辐射率的日变化特征进行分析。结果表明:油松林日平均总辐射、净辐射、反射辐射和有效辐射分别为14.83、9.13、1.29、5.83M J.m-2;晴天,总辐射、净辐射、反射辐射日变化呈单峰曲线变化,阴天呈多峰曲线;油松林林冠有效辐射始终为正值;不同天气条件下反射率、有效辐射率呈“U”形变化;净辐射率变化趋势为白天高,早晨、傍晚低,晴天净辐射率为63.58%～65.08%,阴天净辐射率为56.36%～71.60%。     

大气CO2浓度升高对植物细根影响的研究进展

细根是调节生态系统C平衡的主要组分之一，大气CO2浓度升高对细根影响研究已成为当前全球变化背景下关注的热门课题之一，为此从以下几个方面就大气CO2浓度升高对细根的影响研究进展进行了综述：（1）CO2浓度升高对细根生长动态的影响；（2）CO2浓度升高对细根生理特性的影响；（3）CO2浓度升高对细根组分、分泌物、菌根的影响。由于细根生长受较多因素影响，使得研究结果也表现多样性，此外目前的研究技术和方法也存在一些缺陷，因此如何在非干扰环境条件下开展CO2浓度升高对细根影响的研究，是当前研究地下生态学过程面临的难题之一。     

Ce对UV-B辐射胁迫下大豆幼苗光合作用影响:Ⅰ对光合色素与希尔反应活性的影响

用水培法研究Ce(Ⅲ)对紫外辐射(UV-B,280￣320nm)胁迫下油菜幼苗光合色素含量与希尔反应活性变化对光合作用的影响。静态数据表明,20mg·L-1CeCl3能有效减缓紫外辐射(T1/0.15W·m-2和T2/0.45W·m-2)胁迫所导致的光合速率下降,叶绿素与类胡萝卜素含量减少及Hill反应活性降低,使得Ce UV-B组各项指标虽低于CK,但明显优于UV-B组。动态曲线显示,Ce减缓了UV-B胁迫期各项指标的下降趋势,加快恢复期的上升速度,且最终达到较好的恢复效果。通过对Chl含量、Hill反应活性与Pn的相关统计学分析发现,Ce对UV-B辐射胁迫下Hill反应活性和叶绿素含量的调节具有改善光合功能的作用,且对Hill反应活性的调节作用大于叶绿素含量。     

UV-B增加对几种不同作物影响程度的种间比较

采用大田群体试验方法,研究了UV-B增加对小麦、大豆、棉花及玉米生长和产量的影响。结果表明,UV-B强度增加1.00W·m-2,不同作物对紫外线UV-B增加的敏感性存在很大的差异。作物的产量和反应指数均表明,作物对紫外线增加的敏感性为棉花>大豆>小麦>玉米。初步分析了不同作物对紫外线敏感差异的区别。