白色霞水母刺细胞毒素抗烟草花叶病毒活性

为探索从水母毒素中获取抗植物病毒物质的应用前景,采用半叶枯斑法、整株法和漂浮叶圆片法,对白色霞水母Cyanea nozakii Kishinouye刺细胞毒素的抗烟草花叶病毒(Tobacco mosaic virus,TMV)活性进行了检测。结果表明,白色霞水母刺细胞毒素对TMV具有很强的直接钝化作用,枯斑抑制率随钝化时间的延长而增大。0.99 mg/m L毒素体外钝化TMV 30 min,枯斑抑制率达98.85%,将TMV与0.80 mg/m L毒素体外混合后立即接种,枯斑抑制率仍达89.57%;20~70℃之间,毒素对TMV的钝化作用随温度升高而降低,但又表现出一定的高温耐受性,70℃下处理30min,1.33 mg/m L毒素对枯斑的抑制率为61.73%。毒素对病毒初侵染有一定的预防作用,并可抑制TMV的增殖;1.93 mg/m L毒素处理接种TMV的叶圆片2 d后,对TMV的增殖抑制率为49.41%;但该毒素对TMV所致病害的治疗效果不明显。该毒素还具有较强的蛋白水解酶活性,可能与其抗TMV活性相关。表明白色霞水母刺细胞毒素抗TMV作用明显,其抗植物病毒活性值得深入研究。     

毛木耳新品种‘申耳3号’

‘申耳3号’是从毛木耳品种‘AP4’中系统选育出的新品种。发菌周期短,出菇一致性好,潮次明显,朵型大,产量高,烘干后子实体正面为黑棕色,背部为灰白色,适合制干品销售。     

Beneficial co‐culture of jellyfish Rhopilema esculenta (Kishinouye) and sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka): implications for pelagic‐benthic coupling

This study investigated monthly changes of sedimentation and sediment properties in three different culture systems (ponds) – i.e. jellyfish Rhopilema esculenta monoculture (J), sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus and jellyfish co‐culture (SJ) and sea cucumber monoculture (S) – to verify the feasibility of co‐culturing jellyfish and sea cucumbers. Results showed that jellyfish culture accelerated the settling velocity of total particulate matter (TPM). Average TPM settling velocities in the SJ (75.6 g m^?2 day^?1) and J (71.1 g m^?2 day^?1) ponds were significantly higher than that in the S pond (21.7 g m^?2 day^?1) from June to September during the jellyfish culture period. Average settling velocities of organic matter (OM), total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) in the SJ pond increased significantly by 3.0, 2.9, 3.3 and 3.8 times, respectively, compared with those in the S pond. Sediment contents of OM, TOC, TN and TP in the SJ and J ponds were significantly higher than those in the S pond during the jellyfish culture season. The specific growth rate of sea cucumbers feeding on SJ sediment was significantly higher than that of those feeding on S sediment. Co‐culturing sea cucumbers with jellyfish may help alleviate benthic nutrient loading due to the jellyfish and provide a secondary cash crop.     

黄土高原小流域雨水资源化环境效应分析

水土流失和干旱缺水是黄土高原经济落后和生态环境恶化的主要原因。雨水资源化是解决或减缓水土流失和干旱缺水的有效途径。将雨水利用的方式归纳为雨水就地拦蓄利用、覆盖抑制蒸发、雨水富集叠加异地利用3种方式。分析了雨水资源化对水文环境和土壤环境的影响。不同的雨水利用措施都能在一定程度上调节和控制水文过程,改善流域的水质,减少土壤的非点源污染,提高土壤的质量,提高土壤的含水率;而人工林草植被不同程度地减少了土壤含水率,覆盖措施可以延长水在土壤水库中的集蓄时间。     

Growth performance and carcass quality are not different between pigs fed diets containing cold-fermented low-oil DDGS and pigs fed conventional DDGS,but pelleting improves gain to feed ratio regardless of source of DDGS

The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that growth performance and carcass characteristics of pigs fed diets containing cold-fermented, low oil distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is not different from that of pigs fed diets containing conventional DDGS regardless of the physical form of the diets. A total of 160 barrows and gilts were used. There were 4 diets, 10 pens per diet, and 4 pigs per pen. Pigs were weaned at 21 d of age and fed a common phase 1 diet that did not contain DDGS during the initial 7 d post-weaning. Pigs were then allotted to the four diets that were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial design with two sources of DDGS (cold-fermented and conventional DDGS) and two diet forms (meal and pellets). Pigs were fed phase 2 diets from day 7 to 21 and phase 3 diets from day 21 to 43 post-weaning. All diets were based on corn and soybean meal, but phase 2 diets also contained 15% DDGS and phase 3 diets contained 30% DDGS. From day 43, pigs were fed grower diets for 38 d, early finisher diets for 38 d, and late finisher diets for 18 d and these diets also contained 30% DDGS. Feed was provided on an ad libitum basis and daily feed allotments were recorded. Pigs were weighed at the beginning of each phase and at the conclusion of the experiment. On the last day of the experiment, the pig in each pen with a body weight that was closest to the pen average was slaughtered and carcass measurements were determined. Combined results for the two nursery phases indicated that feeding meal diets instead of pelleted diets increased (P < 0.001) average daily feed intake and decreased (P < 0.05) gain to feed ratio (G:F). However, no differences between the two sources of DDGS were observed for the overall growth performance of weanling pigs. For the entire growing-finishing period, the source of DDGS did not affect growth performance, but pigs fed meal diets had reduced (P < 0.001) G:F compared with pigs fed the pelleted diets. There were no differences between the two sources of DDGS for carcass characteristics. Back fat was greater (P < 0.05) for pigs fed pelleted diets than for pigs fed meal diets. In conclusion, no differences in growth performance or carcass characteristics between pigs fed cold-fermented DDGS and pigs fed conventional DDGS were observed. However, pigs fed pelleted diets had greater G:F and greater back fat than pigs fed meal diets.     

Digestible and metabolizable energy concentrations and amino acid digestibility of dried yeast and soybean meal for growing pigs

Energy values and amino acid (AA) digestibility of dried yeast (DY) and soybean meal (SBM) were determined in 2 experiments with growing pigs. Experiment 1 was conducted to determine the digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) in DY and SBM. Thirty barrows with a mean initial body weight (BW) of 20.6 kg (SD = 1.04) were assigned to 5 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with period and BW as blocking factors. A reference diet was prepared with corn, canola meal, and soybean oil as energy-contributing ingredients. Four additional diets were prepared by adding 5% and 10% DY or SBM at the expense of energy-contributing ingredients in the reference diet. The ratio of corn, canola meal, and soybean oil was kept consistent across the experimental diets. Each experimental period consisted of 5-d adaptation and 5-d quantitative collection of feces and urine. Test ingredient-associated DE or ME intake (kcal/d) was regressed against test ingredient intake [kg dry matter (DM)/d] to estimate the DE or ME in test ingredients as the slope of linear regression model. The DE in DY was estimated at 3,933 kcal/kg DM, which was not different from the estimated DE in SBM at 4,020 kcal/kg DM. Similarly, there was no difference between DY and SBM in the estimated ME (3,431 and 3,756 kcal/kg DM, respectively). Experiment 2 was conducted to determine the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA in DY and SBM. Twenty-one barrows with a mean initial BW of 20.0 kg (SD = 1.31) were surgically fitted with T-cannulas at the distal ileum and assigned to 3 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with BW as a blocking factor. Two semi-purified diets containing DY or SBM as the sole nitrogen source and one nitrogen-free diet (NFD) were prepared. The NFD was used to estimate the basal ileal endogenous losses of CP and AA. Pigs were fed the 3 diets for 5 d as adaptation, followed by 2 d of feeding with ileal digesta collection. The SID of AA, except Gly and Pro, in DY was less (P < 0.05) than in SBM. The SID of indispensable AA in DY ranged from 64.1% for Thr to 85.2% for Arg, and those in SBM ranged from 83.9% for Thr to 91.8% for Arg. In conclusion, energy values of DY are not different from those of SBM, whereas AA in DY is less digestible than in SBM. The estimated DE and ME as well as the SID of AA in DY and SBM can be used in diet formulation for growing pigs using these ingredients.     

环境因子对海月水母生活史关键阶段的影响

近年来,大型胶质水母类,尤其是钵水母纲生物在全球沿岸海域大量出现,引发了一系列生态和经济问题[1-6],如毁坏网具[7-8],蛰伤游泳者[9-10],在养殖池塘中泛滥成灾等[11-12]。同时,水母聚集会堵塞核电站冷源取水口,造成发电机组甚至反应堆异常停止,给核电站正常运行带来了极大风险。因此,关于致灾水母的研究已经成为目前研究重点。海月水母(Aurelia)是东亚海域常见的致灾水母种类[13-15],包含多个亚种[16]。在日本,海月水母暴发最初发生在20世纪60年代,此后海月水母成为东京湾浮游动物的主要类群[17-20]。20世纪90年代以来,中国和韩国沿岸水域也相继出现海月水母大规模暴发现象[21-23]。     

五香豆干微波杀菌真空包装加工工艺研究

五香豆于是营养丰富又极难防腐保鲜的食品,进行了利用微波杀菌真空包装技术延长五香豆干货架期的研究.将五香豆干采用耐高温蒸煮袋包装,含水量控制在65％左右,在室内常温条件下采用的频率为2450 MHz微波杀菌120～180 s,在(36±1)℃温箱培养7d后,其含菌量不高于GB2711-2003要求,感官评分远远高于对照组...     

不同干燥处理的罗汉果化学成分色谱指纹图谱分析

采用不同干燥温度和时间对6个不同产地的罗汉果鲜果进行处理,利用高效液相色谱指纹图谱及含量测定方法分析不同处理干果化学成分的差异,同时分析罗汉果果皮、果肉及种子的化学成分及其分布。结果表明,不同温度干燥的干果化学成分指纹图谱具有差异性,主要色谱峰强度以冷冻干燥样品的最强,96℃干燥的样品最弱;罗汉果苷V含量也以冷冻干燥处理的最高,96℃干燥处理的最低。此外,罗汉果果皮、果肉、种子色谱图中的主要色谱峰不一致,表明不同化学成分在果实不同部位的分布不同。因此,指纹图谱可用于检测罗汉果药材的质量,研究结果为科学炮制罗汉果药材及药效提供依据。     

不同饲料对海月水母生长性能的影响

研究了5种饲料对海月水母Aurelia aurita(伞体直径为2.50 cm±0.10 cm)生长性能的影响.实验共分5组,每组设3个平行,分别投喂卤虫无节幼体、冰冻卤虫、冷冻干燥卤虫、国产微粒饲料和国外微粒饲料,依照投喂饲料的不同,各组分别记为G鲜活、G冰冻、G干燥、G国产、G国外组,实验共进行30 d.结果表明:饲养30 d后,5组海月水母伞体的平均直径依次为(5.01±0.10)、(4.78±0.20)、(4.62±0.11)、(4.23±0.05)、(4.42±0.06)cm,卤虫无节幼体组生长性能最好,水母伞体直径显著高于其他各组(P<0.05),冰冻卤虫和冷冻干燥卤虫组次之,国产微粒饲料组生长性能最差;国产微粒饲料组的成活率为95%,其余各组成活率均为100%;卤虫无节幼体组的收缩频率平均为1次/s,显著高于其他4组(P<0.05),其余4组之间差异均不显著(P>0.05),收缩频率平均为0.5～0.66 次/s;冰冻卤虫组的三态氮含量均显著高于其他各组(P<0.05),国内微粒饲料组的三态氮含量次之,也显著高于其他3组(P<0.05).本实验结果表明,卤虫无节幼体是海月水母较理想的饵料,冰冻卤虫和冷冻干燥卤虫次之.国产微粒饲料因为在营养组成、水中稳定性和悬浮性方面较差,饲养海月水母的效果也较差.