Sardine and anchovy regime fluctuations of abundance in four regions of the world oceans: a workshop report

Regimes of high abundance of sardine (Sardinops sagax and Sardina pilchardus) have alternated with regimes of high abundance of anchovy (Engraulis spp.) in each of the five regions of the world where these taxa co-occur and have been extensively fished. When one taxon has been plentiful, the other has usually been at a reduced level of abundance, and vice versa. Changes in the four heavily fished regions that support S. sagax–the Japanese, Californian, Humboldt, and Benguela systems–from a regime dominated by one taxon to a high level of abundance of the other have occurred more or less simultaneously. In the Pacific Ocean, sardines have tended to increase during periods of increasing global air and sea temperatures and anchovies to decrease. The Japanese system is dominated by sardines to a greater extent than the other systems, and sardines off Japan appear to increase as the Kuroshio Current cools. At the eastern edge of the Pacific Ocean, sardines colonize cooler areas during periods of warming. The Benguela system is out of phase with the three Pacific systems. The four systems all appeared to be in a state of flux in the 1980s. Increased abundance of the subdominant taxon is often one of the first signs of change. Sardines are relatively sedentary in refuge areas when scarce but change behavior to become highly migratory and colonize cooler areas when abundant. Anchovies, by contrast, expand around a fixed geographic center.     

Diurnal variations in hypothalamic monoamine levels in the teleostChanna punctatus (bloch) in response to melatonin under two photothermal conditions

Hypothalamic dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) levels exhibited marked day-night variations under ambient photoperiod and temperature (12L12D; 17±1°C) with peak values at mid-light phase. The 16L8D; 22±1°C treatment reversed the diurnal rhythm of 5-HT, but not that of DA and NA. However, there was an overall increase in the levels of the catecholamines on exposure to the long photoperiod and high temperature. The administration of melatonin in the fish held on 16L8D; 22±1°C regime restored the 5-HT rhythm to that of the 12L12D; 17±1°C control group, but with elevated mid-photophase value. However, there was no effect of the indole treatment on the 5-HT rhythm under the 12L12D; 17±1°C regime. Melatonin causes a significant reduction of NA level in both the groups, while DA level did not change in either group.     

大黄鱼肝脏病变组织病理学观察

采用石蜡切片和HE染色法,对不同生存条件下的大黄鱼以及肝脏病变的大黄鱼肝组织进行组织切片,在显微镜下进行组织病理学观察,采用酸水解法测定不同生存条件下以及患肝肿大的大黄鱼肝脏的脂肪含量,了解其变化情况。以野生大黄鱼的肝组织细胞结构为参照,初步探明了小网箱养殖大黄鱼的脂肪肝、肝肿大、肝胆汁淤积、肝淤血的组织病理变化情况,讨论了大黄鱼肝脏病变的原因和病变致死原因,并提出了防治措施。     

Insulin and IGF-I receptors and tyrosine kinase activity in carp ovaries: changes with reproductive cycle

Insulin and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) receptors from carp ovaries were semipurified with wheat germ agglutinin at different moments of the reproductive cycle and their binding characteristics and tyrosine kinase activity were studied. Specific receptors for insulin and IGF-I were found. IGF-I receptors presented higher binding (23.8 ± 1.5%), number of receptors (965 ± 20fm/mg) and affinity (K_D 0.24 ± 0.03nM) than those shown for insulin receptors (4.1 ± 1%, 530 ± 85fm/mg and 0.85 ± 0.1nM, respectively). Insulin and IGF-I receptors have a tyrosine kinase activity which is not different from that found in muscle of the same species. Seasonal changes were found in binding, with maximum values for insulin and IGF-I reached at the end of pre-spawning period (June). However, while IGF-I binding was observed in all stages, insulin binding decreased in autumn and disappeared in winter, which suggests a different role for the two peptides in ovarian physiology.     

1985—2018年内蒙古自治区耕地集约利用时空变化及其驱动因素

[目的] 探索内蒙古自治区耕地集约利用时空变化规律,为改善该区耕地集约利用方式,实现耕地资源可持续利用提供科学依据。[方法] 运用主成分分析方法对内蒙古自治区全区及其12个盟市的耕地集约利用水平进行综合评价,并揭示其时空变化特征及驱动因素。[结果] ①从全区层面分析,1985—2018年期间,内蒙古自治区耕地集约度总体呈增长态势,耕地集约度由63.30增长至88.12,增幅高达39.21%,耕地集约利用总体呈波浪式增长。②从空间层面分析,通过自然分界法将内蒙古自治区各盟市耕地集约利用水平划分为5个等级,其中巴彦淖尔市和呼伦贝尔盟为高度集约型(Ⅰ级),锡林郭勒盟、兴安盟、阿拉善盟、鄂尔多斯市为较集约型(Ⅱ级),呼和浩特市为一般集约型(Ⅲ级),赤峰市、通辽市为较粗放型(Ⅳ级),乌兰察布市、包头市、乌海市为粗放型(Ⅴ级)。③从驱动因素分析,人均GDP、农民人均可支配收入、财政用于农业支出以及第一产业固定资产投资额对内蒙古自治区耕地集约利用具有显著正向驱动作用,而第一产业生产总值、城镇化率以及治理水土面积对内蒙古自治区耕地集约利用具有显著负向驱动作用。[结论] 内蒙古自治区耕地集约度总体呈增长态势,未来应规范耕地流转,加强耕地用途管控,协调产量与生态的关系,进一步提高耕地集约利用程度。     

1999—2018年河南省植被覆盖时空演变分析

为了研究河南省植被覆盖的时空演变特征,利用slope趋势分析、典型地市分析、典型年份和月份分析、土地利用类型改变对植被覆盖的影响分析等方法,分析了1999—2018年河南省植被覆盖时空演变特征。结果表明:(1)河南省西部和南部植被覆盖改善十分明显,河南省北部和东部有轻微改善,而河南省中部植被覆盖有所退化;(2)河南省NDVI分布具有较强的空间差异性,从南北向来看,NDVI均值中部最低,南部最高,北部次之。从东西向来看,NDVI均值中部最低,东部最高,西部次之。河南省NDVI平均值在空间上呈现两头高中间低的趋势;(3)河南省月尺度的NDVI呈现出明显的季节性,最高值出现在夏季8月,最低值出现在冬季1月。(4)居民用地的增加影响着河南省的植被覆盖状况,并且呈负影响;(5)河南省自从实施“退耕还林”政策后,耕地明显减少、林地增多。由此可以得出,1999—2018年河南省总体植被覆盖率改善,NDVI值增加。     

气候与下垫面变化对黄土高原蒸散发变化的影响评估

为了揭示近20年黄土高原蒸散发(evapotranspiration,ET)时空变化规律,明晰气候和下垫面变化对蒸散发的影响作用。基于黄土高原295个气象站数据、PML_V2 ET产品及MOD13A1 EVI产品,采用趋势分析和多元回归分析等统计方法,分析了2000—2018年黄土高原蒸散发时空变化特征,并评估了降雨、温度、日照时间、饱和水汽压差、植被和非植被下垫面等影响要素的相对贡献率。结果表明:(1)2000—2018年黄土高原蒸散发年际变化率为4.47 mm/a,62.8%的区域蒸散发呈显著增加趋势,主要分布在山西、青海、陕西省北部地区;不同土地覆盖ET为森林＞农田＞草地＞灌木。(2)植被显著增加是黄土高原ET变化的主导因子,其相对贡献率最大(32.1%);不同气象要素对黄土高原ET相对贡献率大小为降雨(14.6%)＞饱和水汽压差(13.2%)＞温度(12.4%)＞日照时数(10.0%);非植被下垫面变化(水土保持工程措施等)对ET变化的影响作用不容忽视。(3)气象要素和增强型植被指数(enhanced vegetation index,EVI)对林草覆被ET影响作用＞农田覆被ET,而非植被下垫面要素对农田覆被ET的影响作用较大。研究结果为黄土高原生态建设、水资源消耗恢复和水资源可持续性评价提供科学支撑。     

植物组织培养:最新进展和潜在的应用(英文)

植物组织培养体系在基础研究和商业应用中具有巨大的潜能,例如园艺产业。组织培养过程伴随着一系列关于形态学、生理学、生物化学、分子和表观遗传的改变。分子水平的改变主要包括基因突变、DNA重组、染色体变异和表观遗传调控(DNA甲基化、组蛋白修饰、染色质重塑、小RNA调节)。这些改变被认为能促进外植体对培养环境的适应并有益于随后的形态发生。目前,组培已在商业应用和细胞生物学、遗传学、生物化学等基本研究中发挥了重要作用。本文重点介绍了植物组织培养的原理概念、培养基的制作、外植体的选择、各种激素的作用机理、植物离体快速繁殖的3大难题(外植体的污染、褐变、试管苗的玻璃化)以及防止措施,并详细阐述了植物离体快繁、无病毒苗木培育、培养细胞突变体、人工种子和离体培养期间分子水平的变化。     

乌鲁木齐南山小渠子土壤螨类群落结构研究

[目的]研究乌鲁木齐南部山区不同土地利用类型下土壤螨类群落结构特征及季节动态变化规律,为开展人类活动对市郊旅游胜地土壤环境质量影响的生物学评价提供科学依据。[方法]采用常规野外采样方法和改良的Ttdlgren分离法对该山区针叶林、山地草原、阔叶林、山地灌木林、山地耕地及居民点6种不同生境土壤螨类群落结构特征、季节动态及其与环境要素的关系进行分析。[结果]共获得土壤螨类7135只,隶属蜱螨亚纲的4亚目57科87属,其中甲螨亚目5785只54属38科,占总采集量的81．08％：中气门亚目1077只19属14科,占总采集量的15．09％;前气门亚目270只4属4科,占总采集量的3．78％;无气门亚目3只1属1科,占总采集量的0．04％。其中,小奥甲螨属为优势类群,占总捕获量螨类的10．06％,盖头甲螨属和真前翼甲螨属为亚优势属,占总捕获量的12．27％。礼服甲螨属、滑缝甲螨属、珠足甲螨属、洼甲螨属和懒甲螨属等35属为常见类群,占总捕获量的76．73％;优势类群和常见类群共占总数量的98．96％。广缝甲螨属、龙足甲螨属、卷甲螨属、沙足甲螨属和缰板鳃甲螨属等19属均为稀有类群,仅占总捕获量的0．94％。土壤螨类个体数和类群数组成在不同生境、不同土层以及不同季节间具有显著差异（P〈0．05）。其中,个体数的水平分布依次为针叶林〉山地灌木林〉山地草原〉山地耕地〉阔叶林〉居民地;垂直分布具有明显的表聚性,即表层〉中层〉下层。个体数量的季节变化依次为秋季〉冬季〉夏季〉春季。[结论]该山区不同生境土壤螨类群落组成及时空分布动态之间均存在显著差异（P〈0．05）．这与植被类型、土壤环境因素及人为干扰程度等有关。     

化德县七号乡生态环境遥感监测及其动态变化研究

以遥感技术对化德县七号乡生态环境进行监测,利用GIS技术对遥感监测结果进行解译与分析,对2005年土地利用现状进行分析,同时对1995～2004年该乡生态环境时空动态变化进行分析与评价。结果表明,七号乡土地利用以草地和林地为主,其次为耕地,居民、交通建设用地面积很小;生态环境动态变化主要特点是林地、草地、水域面积在增加,耕地、农村居民点面积在减少,交通建设用地增加,而未能利用的土地面积在减少。