二甲基亚砜溶剂用于制霉菌素效价测定

目的 探讨二甲基亚砜(DMSO)代替N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)用于制霉菌素效价测定的可行性.方法 制霉菌素分别用DMSO和DMF溶解,采用美国药典中抗生素-微生物测定法检测制霉菌素效价.结果 DMF和DMSO均有较好的准确性、精密度、特异性、线性范围(10.0-40.0 U/mL)、检出限(2.0 U/mL)和稳定性,且DMSO方法的灵敏度、定量下限(LOQ,3.0 U/mL)优于DMF.结论 鉴于DMSO毒性明显低于DMF,且DMSO方法的分析性能特征与DMF法相当甚或更好,故DMSO可代替DMF作为溶剂用于制霉菌素活性测定.     

蒙脱土-DDAC复合防腐剂处理杨木的性能及表征

为了提高人工林杨木的力学性能和耐腐性,采用蒙脱土(MMT)-二癸基二甲基氯化铵(DDAC)复合防腐剂(ODP),通过满细胞法处理杨木试材,分析了防腐处理材的增重率、DDAC保持量、有机蒙脱土(OMMT)在木材内部的分布、横纹抗压强度和耐腐性。结果表明:OMMT的引入使试材增重率增加,DDAC保持量下降;OMMT绝大部分以颗粒存在于木材导管腔中,部分尺寸较小的颗粒和剥离片层可以通过纹孔,很难进入细胞壁;ODP处理材的横纹抗压强度比蒸馏水处理材提高了27%;相对于DDAC处理材,ODP处理材的耐腐性比单组分DDAC处理材好。     

Emission of dimethyl sulfide,carbonyl sulfide,and carbon bisulfide from paddy fields

Abstract

Emission rates of dimethyl sulficle (DMS), carbonyl sulfide (COS), and carbon disulfide (CS₂) to the atmosphere from paddy fields at Ryugasaki, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan were measured by using the closed chamber method. DMS was emitted mainly through the rice plant and its emission rate was much higher than those of COS and CS₂. During a cropping period COS was slightly absorbed by the rice plant. Significant diurnal and seasonal variations of DMS iuxes were observed. The highest DMS iux was observed immediately after the heading day of rice plant. The annual DMS emission rate was in the order of mineral plot > straw plot > no-N plot, ranging from 4.5 to 6.9 mg S m^-2 yr^-1. The annual COS emission rate was in the order of straw plot > no-N plot > mineral plot, ranging from -0.2 to 1.8 mg S m^-2 yr^-1. The annual CS₂ emission rate was slightly higher in the straw plot, ranging from 0.9 to 2.0 mg S m^-2 yr^-1.     

邻苯二甲酸二甲酯污染对黑土土壤呼吸和土壤酶活性的影响

通过温室中进行的微宇宙实验,探讨了不同浓度邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(Dimethyl phthalate, DMP)污染对黑土土壤呼吸和酶学活性的影响。研究结果表明,DMP污染处理后黑土微生物呼吸速率和代谢熵均表现为低浓度(5 mg·kg^-1)促进,高浓度(10、20、40 mg·kg^-1)抑制,且抑制效应与DMP污染浓度正相关;DMP污染对黑土过氧化氢酶具有抑制效应,对黑土转化酶和脲酶呈现为激活效应,且与污染浓度正相关;DMP污染对黑土多酚氧化酶和蛋白酶呈现随时间波动而变化的趋势,多酚氧化酶表现为先抑制后促进,蛋白酶则为先促进后抑制。通过典型对应性分析发现DMP是影响黑土酶学性质改变的主要因素,DMP污染改变了黑土代谢特征,进而可能影响黑土的生态系统功能。     

1,1'-二茂铁衍生物的合成研究

对5种二茂铁衍生物的合成方法进行了研究,优化了以乙酰氯作为酰化剂来合成1,1’-二茂铁二乙酮和用次氯酸钠作氧化剂来合成1,1’-二茂铁二甲酸的方法,另外还改进了用MnO2氧化1,1’-二茂铁二甲醇合成1,1’-二茂铁二甲醛的方法,使反应时间缩短,后处理方便且产率有了很大的提高.     

Chemical Soil Fumigation for Strawberry Nursery in Jalisco (Mexico): 2013–2014 Results of Semarnat/Unido Project

ABSTRACT

We evaluated the effectiveness of alternative fumigants on weed control and plant productivity in two nurseries located at high elevation and low latitude (Ciudad Guzman, Jalisco), during 2013 and 2014 at Driscoll’s and Lassen Canyon South nurseries. Treatments were: MB:chloropicrin (MB:CP); 1,3-dichloropropene:CP; CP alone; metam sodium (MS) alone; dimethyl disulphide (DMDS):CP; and sequentially applied CP and MS. A rotary spading machine was used for MS and CP followed by MS. All treatments produced similar pest suppression and runner-plant yields during 2013 and 2014. However, CP alone showed very poor control of the most abundant weed (barnyardgrass, Echinochloa crus-galli). Two years of work on MB alternatives were not sufficient to provide reliable recommendations on this critical need, therefore, the Methyl Bromide Technical Options Committee recommended critical use nomination for MB in 2015.     

In vitro tetraploid induction and generation of tetraploids from mixoploids in Astragalus membranaceus

This paper describes an efficient colchicine-mediated technique for the in vitro induction of tetraploids in Astragalus membranaceus and its confirmation by flow cytometry. Buds immersed in 0.2% colchicine solution for 36 h prior to culture induced as high as 35.3% tetraploid plants. Colchicine-induced tetraploids remained stable after 6 months in soil. Leaf characteristics of diploids and tetraploids in A. membranaceus were compared. It was determined that leaf sizes of glasshouse-grown plants and stomatal sizes of both in vitro and glasshouse-grown plants were suitable parameters for identifying putative tetraploids in A. membranaceus. As well as generating tetraploids, this technique generated mixoploids in A. membranaceus. Calli derived from mixoploid leaves, were induced to form buds and shoots. Individual shoots were classed as diploid, mixoploid and tetraploid by flow cytometry. This callus-based technique can be employed when a genome-doubling agent generates mixoploids but no tetraploid.     

Barley genotype expressing “stay-green”-like characteristics maintains starch quality of the grain during water stress condition

The identification of “stay-green” in sorghum and its positive correlation with yield increases has encouraged attempts to incorporate “stay-green”-like traits into the genomes of other commercially important cereal crops. However, knowledge on the effects of “stay-green” expression on grain quality under extreme physiological stress is limited. This study examines impacts of “stay-green”-like expression on starch biosynthesis in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) grain under mild, severe, and acute water stress conditions induced at anthesis. The proportions of long amylopectin branches and amylose branches in the grain of Flagship (a cultivar without “stay-green”-like characteristics) were higher at low water stress, suggesting that water stress affects starch biosynthesis in grain, probably due to early termination of grain fill. The changes in long branches can affect starch properties, such as the rates of enzymatic degradation, and hence its nutritional value. By contrast, grain from the “stay-green”-like cultivar (ND24260) did not show variation in starch molecular structure under the different water stress levels. The results indicate that the cultivar with “stay-green”-like traits has a greater potential to maintain starch biosynthesis and quality in grain during drought conditions, making the “stay-green”-like traits potentially useful in ensuring food security.     

Dimethyl disulfide is an induced systemic resistance elicitor produced by Bacillus cereus C1L

BACKGROUND: Bacillus cereus C1L is a plant growth‐promoting rhizobacterium and can elicit induced systemic resistance (ISR) in plants against necrotrophic pathogens. However, little is known about ISR elicitors produced by B. cereus C1L, and no ISR elicitor has been identified and characterised. Therefore, the objective of this study is to identify volatile ISR elicitor(s) produced by B. cereus C1L. RESULTS: The volatile metabolites produced by B. cereus C1L were extracted, separated and identified by solid‐phase microextraction, gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) was the only separated metabolite being determined. Afterwards, application of DMDS by means of soil drench significantly protected tobacco and corn plants against Botrytis cinerea and Cochliobolus heterostrophus, respectively, under greenhouse conditions. The results reveal that DMDS could play an important role in ISR by B. cereus C1L. CONCLUSION: This is the first report of DMDS as an elicitor produced by an ISR‐eliciting B. cereus strain and its ability to suppress plant fungal diseases under greenhouse conditions. It is suggested that DMDS has potential for practical use in controlling plant foliar diseases besides soil fumigation. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry