博斯腾湖沉积物氨氧化细菌的筛选与鉴定

为了解干旱区淡水湖泊沉积物微生物在氨氧化中的功能,利用铵盐培养基对博斯腾湖不同深度沉积物进行驯化培养,结合水环境因子分析混合菌株产亚硝酸盐能力,从中分离纯化氨氧化细菌并对其氨转化能力进行试验。结果表明,6个采样位点12个样品中,11号位点深层沉积物(20～40 cm)混合菌株能有效利用铵盐产生亚硝酸盐,且连续6 d稳定维持其质量浓度高达20 mg/L以上。进而,从该混合菌液中分离得到30株单菌,其中有2株呈现出明显的氨氧化细菌特性。通过16S rRNA基因序列比对及形态学分析分别鉴定其为弯曲芽孢杆菌(Bacillus flexus)和赤红球菌(Rhodococcus ruber)。     

Artificial Diet Influences Population Growth of the Root Maggot Bradysia impatiens (Diptera: Sciaridae)

In order to investigate the effects of artificial diets on the population growth of root maggot Bradysia impatiens, its population growth parameters were assayed on eight artificial diets (Diet 1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7, and D8). Results showed that developmental duration from egg to pupa was successfully completed on all eight artificial diets. However, the egg to pupal duration was shortest, while the survival rate of four insect stages was lowest when B. impatiens was reared on D1. When B. impatiens was reared on D7 and D8, the survival rate, female longevity, and female oviposition were higher than those reared on other diets. When B. impatiens was reared on D7, the intrinsic rate of increase (r_m = 0.19/d), net reproductive rate (R₀ = 39.88 offspring per individual), and finite rate of increase (λ = 1.21/d) were higher for its population growth with shorter generation time (T = 19.49 d) and doubling time (Dt = 3.67 d). The findings indicate that the D7 artificial diet is more appropriate for the biological parameters of B. impatiens and can be used an indoor breeding food for population expansion as well as further research. We propose that vitamin C supplement added to the D7 is critical for the improvement of the B. impatiens growth.     

Multilocus sequence typing analysis of Italian Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris strains suggests the evolution of local endemic populations of the pathogen and does not correlate with race distribution

Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) is the causal agent of black rot in Brassicaceae. It is widespread in Italy and severe outbreaks occur under conditions that favour disease development. In this study a multilocus sequence typing approach (MLST) based on the partial sequence of seven loci was applied to a selection of strains representative of the main areas of cultivation and hosts. The aim was to investigate whether the long tradition of brassica crops in Italy has influenced the evolution of different Xcc populations. All loci were polymorphic; 14 allelic profiles were identified of which 13 were unique to Italian strains. Based on the seven loci, the most common genotype within the Italian Xcc strains (AP1) was also the most representative genotype found in worldwide Xcc strains. This genotype was included in a new clonal complex in addition to three other clonal complexes already identified in Xcc populations. The phylogenetic reconstruction using a concatenated dataset of four conserved protein-coding genes, dnaK, fuyA, gyrB and rpoD, showed that the Italian strains belonged to two genetic groups. Physiological races were also investigated for the first time in Italy. The race structure of Xcc was determined by inoculating eight differential Brassica lines belonging to five species and showed that, in Italy, race 4 is the most widespread, followed by races 1 and 6. No correlation was found between allelic profiles, host of isolation, geographical origin and races, although a prevalent race was identified within the same clonal complex.     

Regional and temporal differentiation of virulence phenotypes of Puccinia triticina from common wheat in Russia during the period 2001–2018

Leaf rust, caused by the fungus Puccinia triticina, is one of the most damaging rust diseases of wheat in Russia. Populations of P. triticina were monitored in seven regions of Russia from 2001 to 2018, with a total of 5,191 single urediniospore isolates from bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) being analysed. Populations have changed significantly in all regions since 2012, after 2 years of drought (2010–2011). Regional collections of P. triticina were also significantly different between the two periods 2001–2009 and 2012–2018, with changes along two geographic gradients from West Siberia to the north-west and south-west (North Caucasia) of the European part of Russia. All tested isolates were avirulent to resistance gene Lr9 in 2001–2009 but, since 2010, virulence to Lr9 has occurred and annually increased in the Asian part of Russia (Ural and West Siberia) due to deployment of cultivars with the Lr9 gene. Virulence to Lr2a and Lr15 was considerably lower in Dagestan (6%–33%) and all European regions (35%–67%) than in Asian regions (84%–96%). During 2001–2009, virulence on Lr1 was also lower in Dagestan (33%) and the European regions (50%–77%) than in Asia (91%–96%); however, by 2012–2018, nearly all isolates were virulent on Lr1. Remarkable changes were observed in frequencies of P. triticina races defined by their virulence/avirulence to Lr1 and Lr2a genes. We postulate the P. triticina population in Dagestan is specific to that area and pathogen populations in European and Asian parts of Russia are distinct.     

4种不同性诱剂对玉米草地贪夜蛾诱集作用

为准确掌握草地贪夜蛾成虫发生动态,筛选对当地种群专一性强、灵敏度高的性诱剂,对深圳百乐宝生物农业科技有限公司(BLB)、宁波纽康生物技术有限公司(NK)、江苏宁录科技股份有限公司(NL)、南京新安中绿生物科技有限公司(XAZL)4个厂家生产的草地贪夜蛾性诱剂在江苏盐城市大丰区进行田间诱捕效果试验,探讨草地贪夜蛾性诱剂的使用技术。结果表明:4种不同性诱剂诱芯对草地贪夜蛾的诱集效果存在明显差异。BLB诱芯和NL诱芯可以有效监测草地贪夜蛾成虫田间发生动态,羽化高峰期明显,且峰值日期一致,NK诱芯诱集的成虫虫峰不明显,XAZL诱芯零星诱到成虫,无明显成虫高峰;BLB诱芯监测期内日均诱蛾量、最高单次诱蛾量、总诱蛾量均显著高于其他3种诱芯,其总诱蛾量达136.75头,分别是NL诱芯、NK诱芯、XAZL诱芯的1.47倍、4.76倍、10.52倍;通过对BLB诱芯进行持续30 d和持续60 d的诱捕对比试验,发现BLB诱芯1~30 d内诱捕性能稳定,诱蛾量大,31~60 d内日均诱蛾量、最高单次诱蛾量、总诱蛾量均有所下降且达显著水平,尤其是50 d后诱捕量下降明显。结果表明:BLB诱芯的诱蛾量大,能够明显反映出草地贪夜蛾的羽化高峰期,符合测报要求,更适合本地区草地贪夜蛾的监测,使用该诱芯时建议30 d更换1次。     

农业转移人口市民化过程中的企业行为研究——基于博弈论的视角

以企业行为为研究对象,梳理了农业转移人口市民化过程中企业成本的概念、内涵、类型,并构建博弈论模型,分析了农业转移人口市民化过程中的企业承担意愿及行为选择,针对性地提出了促进企业主动参与农业转移人口市民化进程的建议。     

红松人工纯林3种梢斑螟成虫种群动态分析

【目的】梢斑螟是黑龙江省红松人工林的主要果梢害虫,研究了其成虫种群动态及未来种群变化趋势,为种群预测以及防治提供科学理论依据。【方法】在梢斑螟成虫发生期6月下旬—8月初,每天夜间19:00—23:00在红松林缘利用灯光诱捕梢斑螟成虫,结合幼虫鉴定种类,分析其种群动态。【结果】1)在牡丹江林口林业局的湖水、曙光和西北楞3个地点,诱捕到的种类均为赤松梢斑螟Dioryctria sylvestrella、冷杉梢斑螟D.abietella和微红梢斑螟D.rubella。2)在湖水,梢斑螟的种群数量最多,平均每天诱捕111.38头;西北楞其次,平均每天诱捕79.625头;曙光最少,平均每天诱捕69.63头。微红梢斑螟在3个地点均是优势种。3)在整个诱捕期间,冷杉梢斑螟和赤松梢斑螟成虫期为6月上旬—7月下旬,高峰期为6月下旬;微红梢斑螟成虫期为6月上旬—8月下旬,高峰期为6月下旬和7月中旬。4)3种梢斑螟都是在21:00—22:00诱捕的数量最多。5)3种梢斑螟的雌雄性比随着季节的推移波动较大,由开始的小于1,到接近于1,最终大于1,但总的性比接近1:1。【结论】梢斑螟的种群动态随时间和小生境的不同变化明显,6月下旬和7月中旬是其羽化高峰期,21:00—22:00是其最活跃时间。因此,对其防治应适时适地采取有效措施。     

植物种群构件的理论概述及研究进展

综述了植物种群构件的理论概况和国内外的研究现状以及对我国种群构件的研究展望.文中指出构件理论的思想依据、形态依据、生理依据和构件理论的五项基本内容.同时,论述了近30余年来,包括植物花构件、叶构件、芽构件、枝构件、茎构件、根构件等在内的植物种群构件研究现状.我国植物种群构件研究要注意构件间的相互作用以及构件与环境间的相互作用;注意与生理生态相结合;研究对象多元化,为开发和保护我国植物资源提供科学依据,将构件研究成果转化为生产力.     

人口老龄化对中国劳动力供给的影响分析

通过对中国人口统计的一些数据分析,研究了人口老龄化对中国劳动力供给的影响.研究结果表明,老龄化造成劳动力供给数量减少,同时老龄化影响中国劳动力供给质量.可采取应对措施:一是提高科技水平和人口素质,二是充分开发和利用老年人力资本.     

Analysis of Inter-Individual Bacterial Variation in Gut of Cicada Meimuna mongolica (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)

Intestinal bacterial community plays a crucial role in the nutrition, development, survival, and reproduction of insects. When compared with other insects with piercing-sucking mouthparts, the habitats of cicada nymphs and adults are totally different. However, little is known about the differences in the gut bacterial communities in the nymphs and adults within any cicada species. The diversity of bacteria in the gut of nymphs and adults of both genders of Meimuna mongolica (Distant) was studied using the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) method. Few inter-individual variations among gut microbiota were observed, suggesting that M. mongolica typically harbors a limited and consistent suite of bacterial species. Bacteria in the genera Pseudomonas and Enterobacter were the predominant components of the gut microflora of M. mongolica at all life stages. Bacteria of Pantoea, Streptococcus, and Uruburuella were also widespread in the cicada samples but at relatively lower concentrations. The relative stability and similarity of the PCR-DGGE patterns indicate that all individuals of this cicada species harbor a characteristic bacterial community which is independent from developmental stages and genders. Related endosymbionts that could be harbored in bacteromes of cicadas were not detected in any gut samples, which could be related to the cicada species and the distribution of these endosymbionts in the cicada cavity, or due to some of the possible limitations of PCR-DGGE community profiling. It is worthwhile to further address if related cicada endosymbiont clades distribute in the alimentary canals and other internal organs through diagnostic PCR using group-specific primer sets.