我国有机肥的现状与发展前景分析

分析了我国有机肥的现状与发展前景。我国有机肥的资源丰富，数量持续增长，质量却有所降低，利用率也在下降。有机肥利用技术不适应当前农村的新需求，以及有机肥管理工作不到位，是我国有机肥利用率下降的主要原因。今后应以秸秆与畜禽粪便的简便处理、直接利用为主要发展方向，争取逐步达到5000万t养分的年施用量，与化肥形成1：1的施用比例，实现合理的施肥策略。     

Soil nutrient supply and biomass production in a mixed forest on a skeleton‐rich soil and an adjacent beech forest

In the natural forest communities of Central Europe, beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) predominates in the tree layer over a wide range of soil conditions. An exception with respect to the dominance of beech are skeleton‐rich soils such as screes where up to 10 broad‐leaved trees co‐exist. In such a Tilia‐Fagus‐Fraxinus‐Acer‐Ulmus forest and an adjacent mono‐specific beech forest we compared (1) soil nutrient pools and net nitrogen mineralization rates, (2) leaf nutrient levels, and (3) leaf litter production and stem increment rates in order to evaluate the relationship between soil conditions and tree species composition. In the mixed forest only a small quantity of fine earth was present (35 g l^—1) which was distributed in patches between basalt stones; whereas a significantly higher (P < 0.05) soil quantity (182 g l^—1) was found in the beech forest. In the soil patches of the mixed forest C and N concentrations and also concentrations of exchangeable nutrients (K, Ca, Mg) were significantly higher than in the beech forest. Net N mineralization rates on soil dry weight basis in the mixed forest exceeded those in the beech forest by a factor of 2.6. Due to differences in fine earth and stone contents, the volume related soil K pool and the N mineralization rate were lower in the mixed forest (52 kg N ha^—1 yr^—1, 0—10 cm depth) than in the beech forest (105 kg N ha^—1 yr^—1). The leaf N and K concentrations of the beech trees did not differ significantly between the stands, which suggests that plant nutrition was not impaired. In the mixed forest leaf litter fall (11 %) and the increment rate of stem basal area (52 %) were lower than in the beech forest. Thus, compared with the adjacent beech forest, the mixed forest stand was characterized by a low volume of patchy distributed nutrient‐rich soil, a lower volume related K pool and N mineralization rate, and low rates of stem increment. Together with other factors such as water availability these patterns may contribute to an explanation of the diverse tree species composition on Central European screes.     

固体栽培基质研究、开发现状及发展趋势

随着无土栽培和穴盘育苗技术的广泛应用,固体基质的需求量日益增大,基质市场迅速壮大,栽培基质的开发和应用已成为重要的研究领域.该文在分析栽培基质应用和市场前景的基础上,综述了国内外栽培基质材料开发、基质合成、性状研究与改良的现状,及已取得的主要成果和存在的问题,指出了栽培基质今后的发展趋势.     

Integrated research in archaeology using soil micromorphology and palynology

Archaeologists often encounter problems in interpreting the genesis of layers and the context in which specific materials occur in excavations. Field visits of geologists, soil scientists or biologists can solve a number of questions, but often, problems remain that only can be studied by microscopic research as, for example, soil micromorphology and palynology. In the past, the employment of these two disciplines, one in earth science and one in biology, generally occurred independently of each other, also in interdisciplinary research and contract research. Consequently, results could not always be correlated, permitting only a restricted integration of data. It was realised that soils, as archives, contain much more information than generally utilised. A skillful employment and balancing of both specialties create a real integrated approach that offers a substantially improved interpretation potential without hardly additional efforts and costs. The results of 7 years of experience were very stimulating and presented here.In this article, the essence of soil micromorphology and palynology applied to archaeology is briefly outlined and illustrated by selected examples of the different research themes covered, showing the possibilities and results of integrated research. Both specialties generate essential information that, when combined and integrated properly, lead to improved understanding of the landscape genesis and human activities in the past. To be able to employ the full interpretive potential of this integrated approach, the research procedures followed by both specialties had to be compared. The key requirements for optimal integration of each other's databases comprised a combined effort to compare the pros and cons during the first four steps of the research procedure: defining research questions, field survey, selection of sampling locations and sampling. This approach enabled optimal correlation of the individual results, made cross-checking and references possible and led to higher levels of interpretation that would not have been possible otherwise. The integrated research elucidated lacunae in the other's discipline, resulting in a distinctly more complete reconstruction of paleoenvironments and past land uses, important research themes of archaeologists for the specialties concerned.     

精密施肥机的研究与应用

对国内外现有施肥技术现状进行了调研，结合中国的国情,研究开发出了实用可靠高精密度的施肥机系统。该系统主要由主控制器、高精度的EC、pH传感器，液压水表阀门、压力调节阀、压力计、过滤器、肥料泵等元件组成，在灌溉施肥过程中，肥料泵以微量的脉冲注肥，可以保证精确的肥料施用剂量。该施肥机采用模块化设计，具有结构简单可靠、适用范围广、控制精度高、界面友好等优点，实现了对作物的高产优质栽培所需要的合理营养供给。     

环境铜污染影响及修复的研究现状综述

综述了铜污染对不同生物（包括植物、动物、土壤微生物）影响的研究现状,指出了Cu污染对高等植物毒害作用的研究目前主要集中在对植物生长指标、光合作用、细胞结构、细胞分裂、酶系统和其他营养元素的吸收上;高Cu对高等动物毒害作用的研究非常多,目前主要集中在对动物生产性能、体内重要的铜酶、代谢酶及重要组织器官结构功能的影响;Cu污染对土壤微生物影响的研究主要集中在微生物量及微生物群落结构的变化。探讨了尽量减少铜污染和进行修复的措施。     

糙米的应用研究与发展前景

糙米是最有发展潜力的全谷食品之一,是当前受欢迎的集营养、保健于一体的功能性食品。概述了糙米研究的起源和历程,介绍了目前糙米的主要应用研究方向,指出了糙米研究中存在的问题,展望了糙米的发展前景。     

含乳饮料概述

介绍了含乳饮料的定义、分类以及我国含乳饮料的发展现状,同时还分析了我国含乳饮料的未来发展方向。     

我国南瓜粉加工技术的研究现状及开发前景

综述了南瓜粉的开发价值、主要加工工艺及操作要点,分析了国内南瓜粉加工技术的现状及主要应用,探讨了南瓜粉加工技术的发展趋势与开发前景。     

纳他霉素产业发展现状及前景分析

综述了目前国内外纳他霉素的应用领域、行业发展及市场需求状况,并对国内纳他霉素产业发展的前景和存在的问题进行了分析.