Prevention and Controlling Effect of Intercropping on Pests and Diseases and Its Risk Control in Cotton Fields

Cotton is one of the major field crops which are seriously threatened by pests and diseases. In recent years, the ecological management of cotton pests and diseases with intercropping has become to be an interesting approach. Intercropping possibly increases the population of natural enemies and finally reduces the population density of pests as a result of changes in ecological structure and environmental conditions of farmland. Intercropping thus has been considered an important alternative in controlling pests and diseases. However, cotton field intercropping also has some limitations in controlling pests and diseases. Unreasonable intercropping system has many risks such as increasing labor input, increasing the difficulty of pests’ control, and aggravating pests and diseases. In this paper, the effects and the underlying mechanisms of cotton intercropping on cotton pests and diseases were reviewed. The possible risks and countermeasures used for ecological control of intercropping were also put forward, and the future and application of ecological management of cotton pests and diseases with intercropping were prospected.     

An efficient method to produce segregating populations in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa)

Quinoa offers a promising alternative for staple food, considering its outstanding nutritional value and tolerance to abiotic stresses. To develop breeding programmes in quinoa, a reliable crossing method for increasing the genetic variation is required. In the following study, we aimed to develop segregating populations in quinoa. We tested the efficiency of three different crossing methods (hand emasculation, warm water emasculation and no emasculation). Moreover we developed a two-stage selection strategy based on morphological traits and molecular markers for the selection of hybrid plants. We reported hand emasculation to be the most efficient crossing method, followed by warm water emasculation and no emasculation. Our results demonstrated that crosses in quinoa can be successfully performed, despite its complicated flower structure and high self-pollination rate. Additionally, we developed 30 segregating populations from crosses between accessions of different origins with varying phylogenetic relationship, which offers a promising perspective for quinoa breeding programmes in the future.     

Early interspecific dynamics,dry matter production and nitrogen use in Kernza (Thinopyrum intermedium) – alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) mixed intercropping

ABSTRACT

The global interest in growing perennial grain crops such as intermediate wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium) (Kernza) for production of food and feed is increasing. Intercropping Kernza with legumes may be a sustainable way of supplying nitrogen to soil and associated intercrop. We determined the competitive interactions between intercropped Kernza (K) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) (A) under three inorganic nitrogen (N) rates N0, N1, N2 (0, 200, 400 kg ha^?1) and five species relative frequencies (SRF) (100%K:0%A, 75%K:25%A, 50%K:50%A, 25%K:75%A and 0% K:100%A) in mixed intercrops (MI) in a greenhouse pot experiment. After 11 weeks of growth. Kernza dry matter yield (DM) and N accumulated (NACC) were low, but alfalfa DM and NACC high at 0 kg N ha^?1. 200 and 400 kg N ha^?1 fertiliser application increased the competitive ability (CA) of Kernza and reduced the CA of alfalfa. SRF had large impacts on alfalfa DM, NACC and NFIX only at 0 kg N ha^?1 fertiliser, and insignificant impacts on Kernza at all N fertiliser levels, indicating that adjustment of SRF may not be an effective way to modulate the interspecific competition of Kernza. Further research on the other factors that influence the interspecific competition are warranted.     

光对园艺植物花青素生物合成的调控作用

花青素是植物中一类重要的类黄酮化合物,在植物花朵、果实等器官色泽形成和抗氧化过程中起着重要作用。植物组织中花青素的形成依赖于光信号,但是光信号对花青素生物合成的调控机制及信号网络很大程度上还不清晰。本文简述了花青素生物合成及运转过程的研究进展,简要归纳了MYB、bHLH、WDR三类主要因子对花青素合成的转录调控作用,重点阐释光信号（光强、光质、光照时长）对植物花青素合成的调控作用。研究表明,光环境（光强、光质、光照时长）主要通过不同的光受体（UVR8、CRYs、PHOTs、PHYs）影响光信号通路重要因子COP1的泛素化能力和HY5的稳定性,以及其他光信号转录因子如光敏色素互作因子PIFs的稳定性,进而调控花青素的生物合成过程。这些光信号因子一方面直接结合到调控花青素合成的MYB、bHLH、WDR三大类转录因子上,转录激活或抑制它们的表达进而调控花青素的合成;另一方面,这些光信号因子通过与MYB、bHLH、WDR三大类转录因子蛋白互作,影响它们形成的MBW复合体稳定性,进而调控花青素的合成。此外,这些光信号因子还可以通过不依赖于MBW复合体的通路调控花青素的合成,如HY5通过调控miR858影响花青素的生物合成;另外,一些未知的光响应因子可能以不依赖MBW通路的方式直接或间接地调控花青素合成基因和液泡膜上的运转蛋白,改变液泡酸化,调节花青素的合成。同时,光信号会影响光合电子传递,光合电子传递链中的一些因子也会通过依赖和不依赖MBW的途径影响植物花青素的合成。这些途径如何协调以及哪些信号因子优先受光环境（光强、光质、光照时间）调控?本文为深入研究光信号对花青素生物合成的调控机理提供参考,以探索光调控花青素积累的有效途径及靶标分子,为利用基因工程、代谢工程和光环境调控手段改良园艺植物花青素积累提供理论基础。     

辽西北沙地苹果-花生间作系统土壤养分空间分布特征及间作效应

[目的] 研究辽西北沙地农林复合系统土壤养分的空间分布及其效应，从土壤养分角度探讨果农间作系统中果树和农作物对土壤养分的相互作用关系，为该区农林复合系统的可持续经营提供科学合理的依据。[方法] 以苹果与花生间作、花生单作、苹果单作为研究对象，对0-60 cm土层深度，0-300 cm水平距离范围内土壤养分含量进行测定和分析。[结果] 沙地间作系统中土壤有机质、速效钾极缺乏，全氮、碱解氮很缺乏，全磷缺乏，有效磷含量中等；间作系统在水平方向上，苹果树和花生植株对总养分有机质、氮、磷的竞争激烈位点位于果树带区，对有效养分氮、磷、钾的竞争激烈位点位于近果树作物区；在垂直方向上，各养分总体表现出了表聚性，间作系统对有机质、有效磷的竞争主要位于深土层，对全磷、速效钾的竞争主要位于表土层，对全氮、碱解氮表现为合作效应，表土层效应更高；与苹果单作、花生单作相比较，间作系统速效钾和有效磷含量呈现负效应。[结论] 沙地苹果-花生间作系统土壤养分贫瘠，应在果树带区施用有机肥、磷肥，作物区施入钾肥，以减轻养分竞争，提高养分效应。     

黔育1号菊苣与紫花苜蓿、鸭茅间作栽培效果研究

依据贵州省松桃县的气候特点和牧草种植需要,用黔育1号菊苣与北林202紫花苜蓿、黔草4号鸭茅分别进行间作试验,从产量、营养品质、生产效益等方面对间作复合群体与3种牧草单播进行比较分析,探讨黔育1号菊苣与不同牧草间作种植模式的增产效益。结果表明,在贵州松桃地区,黔育1号菊苣+北林202紫花苜蓿间作,年均鲜草产量可达87.27 t/hm²,比紫花苜蓿单播产量增加36.17%,生产效益提高20.77%,粗蛋白含量达26.83%。该研究结果可为松桃县种草养畜产业的发展提供技术支撑。     

海南省经济林下复合种植产业现状及发展对策

经济林下复合种植是近几年发展较快、能够调整农业结构、增加农民收入的发展模式。海南省发展经济林下复合种植具有明显的优势，同时也存在种植管理比较粗放、规模化和产业化程度低、资金投入相对不足、劳动力短缺等问题。为此提出发展对策，为经济林下复合种植提供借鉴。     

黑豆—油菜与大豆—油菜轮作模式土壤镉修复能力比较

通过设置黑豆-油菜、大豆-油菜的轮作模式在湖南醴陵进行大田试验,结果发现黑豆表现出较强的镉富集能力,其根、茎、叶及果壳中镉含量分别为2.14、2.63、4.10及1.34 mg/kg,富集系数均在1以上。油菜各个部位镉含量较高的分别为叶与茎,达到了7.13和4.73 mg/kg。黑豆各部位镉转运系数均高于大豆,各油料作物提取的重金属主要集中在茎与叶。大豆叶的镉富集系数为2.06,茎的镉富集系数为0.86,明显低于黑豆同部位的富集能力。每公顷土地经过一轮黑豆-油菜、大豆-油菜轮作分别能够从土壤中提取73.52 g和51.68 g的镉,对土壤重金属镉的修复效率约为3%。     

饲草作物对土壤健康与农业可持续发展的作用

饲草作物是指为增加土壤肥力,防止土壤侵蚀,累积和保护土层,增加土壤养分和含水率以及提高土壤质量而种植的植物。饲草作物为农田土壤提供了诸多益处,其还有助于增加和维持土壤中的微生物多样性。本文对多种饲草作物对土壤特性的作用,如土壤含水量、土壤微生物的活动、土壤碳固存、土壤硝态氮淋失、土壤水分和土壤健康等进行综述。饲草作物的选择通常取决于其自身对土壤的作用,其他考虑因素还包括天气条件,播种时间,是否为豆科植物以及杀灭饲草作物的时间和方法。研究表明,饲草作物也可用于减缓气候变化,抑制作物中的杂草,增加可交换的营养物质如Mg2+和K+,具有一定的经济性。另外,覆盖作物也会存在一些问题,包括杀灭覆盖作物的方法,其可能成为病原体的寄主,饲草作物的再生性以及短期收益不明显。尽管有一些局限,饲草作物仍被认为可以明显改善土壤整体健康状况,为主栽作物提供可持续的生态环境。