作物和土壤中乙酰甲胺磷及其代谢物甲胺磷消解研究

为评价乙酰甲胺磷在作物上使用的安全性,采用气相色谱法研究了不同气候条件(亚热带和暖温带)下的4种作物(甘蓝、萝卜、水稻、柑桔)和8个土壤样品(4种作物各自在两个试验地点的土壤)中乙酰甲胺磷及其代谢物甲胺磷的消解情况。结果表明:乙酰甲胺磷在作物和土壤中均可代谢产生甲胺磷,作物中的2 h甲胺磷代谢产率主要由作物种类决定。作物中乙酰甲胺磷的消解半衰期为3.1~13.5 d,甲胺磷为2.7~12.8 d;土壤中乙酰甲胺磷的半衰期为1.4~6.4 d,甲胺磷为4.5~10.7 d。土壤pH值对乙酰甲胺磷的消解影响显著,其在碱性土壤中消解较快。具有较高净辐射的气候条件会促进乙酰甲胺磷及甲胺磷在作物中的消解,因此种植在暖温带气候条件下的作物上使用乙酰甲胺磷较种植在亚热带气候条件下的具有更高的甲胺磷残留风险。乙酰甲胺磷施用在叶菜类蔬菜上可能会有较高的甲胺磷残留风险,建议叶菜类蔬菜应谨慎使用乙酰甲胺磷。     

Productivity and water use of alfalfa and subsequent crops in the semiarid Loess Plateau with different stand ages of alfalfa and crop sequences

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) plays an important role in crop–livestock mixed farming on marginal land in the semiarid Loess Plateau. However, the duration, yield performance and water use of long-term alfalfa stands and choice of appropriate subsequent crops are not clear. A 5-year field experiment was conducted at Zhonglianchuan, Gansu Province, China from 2001 to 2005. Productivity and water use were determined and compared between (1) three alfalfa stands that were 1–5 (A1–5), 6–10 (A6–10) and 11–15 (A11–15) years old during the trial; (2) alfalfa using conventional cultivation and a water-harvesting technique (RA1–5); and (3) conventional crop rotation (CK) and four 5-year crop sequence rotations sown after 10-year-old alfalfa had been ploughed, being millet–wheat–potato–pea–potato (MWLPL); millet–corn–corn–wheat–wheat (MCCWW); millet–potato–wheat–corn–corn (MLWCC) and millet–fallow–pea–potato–pea (MFPLP). Forage yield peaked in 7-year-old alfalfa (5740 kg ha⁻¹), but 9-year-old alfalfa had the maximum forage yield profit (4477 kg ha⁻¹ y⁻¹) in terms of whole growing years. Soil water use efficiency (WUE_S in terms of forage yield and soil water use) of alfalfa increased dramatically up to the 11th year, and then leveled off from year 12 to 15. Forage yield and WUE_B/ET (WUE in terms of aboveground biomass and evapotranspiration) of alfalfa were significantly higher using water harvesting compared with conventional cultivation, but were significantly lower than CK. Soil water content did not change in CK as stand age increased, but it decreased in conventional alfalfa stands. After 10 years of alfalfa, a fallow year was not necessary before planting annual crops as soil water was greatly restored after sowing subsequent annual crops. Yield of some crops in the four crop sequence rotations did not differ significantly from CK. MWLPL and MLWCC had more aboveground biomass than MCCWW and MFPLP but the choice of crop sequence needs to be further considered.     

Influence of land management on soil nutrients and microbial biomass in the central loess plateau,northwest China

Loss of soil organic matter under cropping systems is often considered one of the most serious forms of agriculturally induced soil degradation. Therefore, understanding how to improve or maintain soil fertility is of importance for sustainable systems of agriculture. This study deals with the effects of succession fallow and fertilization combined with crop rotation on the chemical properties and microbial biomass of soil in the central Loess Plateau, China. In order to create a more uniform experimental environment and avoid the influence of different crop residues, wheat/potato (W/P) rotation was selected as a fertilization treatment. The results showed that with increasing fallow time organic carbon (Corg) and total nitrogen (TN) slightly increased, microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and MBC/Corg gradually decreased, and microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) remained unchanged. However, only MBC/Corg among all the microbial parameters measured showed significant differences at various stages of fallow. Although there was a decrease in organic carbon and total nitrogen in the fertilized plots, MBC was not significantly different in the various fallow and fertilized plots except for one‐year‐old fallows, which had the highest MBC. MBN, MBC/Corg and MBN/TN in fertilized plots were higher than for plots at different stages of fallow. Fertilization can increase organic carbon, total nitrogen, MBC and MBN content (compared to the control). It was concluded that appropriate land management, such as fertilization combined with crop rotation and reducing one‐year‐old fallow, would be useful ways to improve or maintain soil fertility. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

豫北两熟区不同夏播作物对后茬冬小麦中后期群体微环境及产量的影响

为探讨不同夏播作物前茬对后茬冬小麦生长和产量的影响,在河南省新乡市获嘉县开展田间二因素试验,设置两个不同施肥水平(常规施肥和不施氮肥)和三种夏播作物前茬(玉米、大豆和花生),分析小麦拔节期至成熟期叶面积指数(LAI)、叶夹角(LA)、光合有效辐射(PAR)、叶片叶绿素含量(SPAD)、叶绿素荧光(F_v/F_m),以及土壤含水量(SWC)、土壤温度(Ts)和土壤呼吸速率(Rs)变化,并在成熟期测定小麦产量及其构成因素。结果表明,与常规施肥(CK)相比,不施氮肥条件下不同前茬的小麦LA略增,而LAI、IPAR、SPAD、F_v/F_m、SWC、Ts和Rs均有所降低。不施氮肥条件下,花生前茬的小麦LAI、IPAR、SPAD、F_v/F_m、SWC、Ts和Rs均显著低于其他两种前茬(P<0.05),其中花生、大豆和玉米前茬的SWC较CK的降幅分别为13.56%、13.39%和10.77%。与CK相比,不施氮肥条件下,花生前茬的小麦LA较CK的增幅在3种前茬中居中,小麦...     

气候变化对天水主要粮食作物农业生产的影响及对策建议

着重从主要气候因子变化和极端天气事件出现的频率和强度变化,分析研究其对天水主要粮食作物产量的影响,并对此提出了相应的对策措施。     

植物保护喷雾机械的发展研究状况综述

本文介绍了国内外植物保护机械研究的现状,提出了我国植物保护机械的重点研究方向.     

作物氮素诊断技术的研究综述

氮素是作物生长发育和产量品质形成所必需的营养元素。本文在简述研究背景和作物氮素营养监测与诊断技术需求的基础上,介绍了作物氮素营养监测技术的发展历程及发展趋势,综述了作物氮素营养诊断技术的国内外研究进展,指出快速、无损、准确地监测作物氮素状况,对于农业生产可持续发展和生态环境保护具有重要意义。     

稻平脐蠕孢的分离、鉴定及对作物的安全性

为了筛选获得可用于防治李氏禾的病原菌菌株,采用孢子形态观察和ITS1-5.8S-ITS2序列分析法对分离自云南西双版纳稻田感病李氏禾植株上的两株病原真菌菌株进行了鉴定,采用离体叶片生测法评价其除草活性,采用盆栽生测法评价其对主要作物的安全性.结果表明,两株病原真菌分别被鉴定为稻平脐蠕孢(Bipolaris oryzae)和稻平脐蠕孢有性型[Bipolaris oryzae (teleomorph:Cochliobolus miyabeanus)].稻平脐蠕孢发酵液对李氏禾的致病性最高为88.9;稻平脐蠕孢有性型发酵液配制的菌悬液对李氏禾的致病性最高为100.两个菌株对水稻、玉米、黄瓜及番茄等主要农作物安全.     

基于R/S分析的参考作物腾发量时间序列分形特征

近年来分形理论在水文、股票及气象等行业中应用较多,在时间序列分析的非线性特征方面展示出强大魅力。采用重标极差方法分析西部地区6个站ETo时间序列的变化趋势和分形特征,通过对比发现:①所研究各站气象要素及ETo年变化趋势比较表明,所有站相对湿度均呈降低趋势,年积温均呈增加趋势,日照时数均呈降低趋势,年ETo值总体也呈降低趋势。②年尺度下各站点Hurst指数均大于0.5,同时分维数D均小于1.5,意味着ETo年序列在将来一段时间仍然保持与过去相一致的变化趋势,也即未来的总体趋势仍为减少趋势,各地区ETo年序列具有持续性。③各站点各月Hurst指数同样都大于0.5,分维数D均小于1.5,意味着1~12月ETo序列在将来一段时间仍然保持与过去相一致的变化趋势。此外,各站点年Hurst指数均大于月Hurst指数,表明年ETo序列比月ETo序列具有更长时间的持续性。     

基于CWSI诊断温室草皮水分胁迫的实验研究

通过观测夏季温室不同灌溉条件下草皮的冠层温度、气温、大气湿度以及土壤含水量等因素,利用Isdo经验模式确定了冠气温差的下限方程。通过观察不同水分处理条件下草皮CWSI的日变化,得出了利用CWSI诊断草皮水分状况的最佳时机。研究分析了作物水分胁迫指数与其他一些反映作物水分状况的指标,包括土壤含水量、叶片蒸腾速率以及叶片含水量之间的关系,CWSI验理论模式与上述这些指标关系良好,表明其很好地反映了作物的水分胁迫特征。