苦参碱不同给药途径对小鼠肠道菌群的影响

为探究苦参碱灌胃和腹腔注射不同给药途径对肠道菌群的影响,将昆明小鼠随机分为4组,分别为生理盐水腹腔注射组(NCip)、生理盐水灌胃组(NCig)、苦参碱腹腔注射组(MTip)及苦参碱灌胃组(MTig),连续给药5d后,收集各组粪便,进行小鼠肠道微生物α多样性指数分析和β多样性分析,利用LEfSe和Metastats分析不同组间肠道菌群的差异。结果表明:灌胃和腹腔注射苦参碱的不同给药方式对小鼠肠道菌群的α多样性指数及β多样性的影响差异不显著(P0.05);LEfSe分析发现,与灌胃苦参碱相比,腹腔注射苦参碱组的小鼠肠道有益菌拟杆菌目(Bacteroidales)、调节机体代谢的另枝菌属(Alistipes)丰度显著增加(P0.05);Metastats分析发现,与灌胃苦参碱相比,苦参碱腹腔注射组的小鼠肠道与结肠炎相关的脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio)、[Eubacterium]_fissicatena_group丰度显著降低(P0.05)。综上,不同给药途径会引起肠道菌群的差异,相比于灌胃给予苦参碱,通过腹腔注射给予苦参碱更有利于优化肠道菌群的结构及功能。     

生物活性肽调节断奶仔猪肠道健康

断奶是养猪业中最具挑战性的阶段,对仔猪生长性能及之后的发育有着重要的影响。断奶对仔猪的肠道发育和健康带来了极大的挑战,可能会导致采食量减少、生长速率降低、发病率和死亡率增加。采取有效的营养策略可改善仔猪肠道健康和最大限度地提高断奶仔猪的产量。本文综述了生物活性肽通过仔猪肠道免疫、肠道微生物稳态及肠-脑轴的调节仔猪肠道健康,为加深生物活性肽的开发和利用提供参考。     

Influence of dietary feathers on the fecal microbiota in captive Arctic fox: Do dietary hair or feathers play a role in the evolution of carnivorous mammals?

Hair and feathers are composed of keratin and are indigestible, inalimental and unpalatable for carnivores. However, carnivores often ingest hair and feathers during feeding or when grooming. We hypothesized that ingestion of hair and feathers changes species diversity and relative abundance of bacteria in the gut of carnivores. To test this hypothesis, we added disinfected poultry down feathers to the normal diet of captive Arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus). We then used fluorescently labeled terminal restriction fragments (T‐RFs) to examine changes in fecal bacterial diversity and abundance. The results showed that the number of bacterial species increased significantly after feather ingestion, but that total abundance was unchanged. This demonstrated that addition of disinfected feathers to the diet stimulated increased production among less abundant bacteria, resulting in a balancing of relative abundance of different bacterial species, or that some newly‐ingested microbial species would colonize the gut because a suitable microhabitat had become available. This implies that the overall production of bacterial metabolites would be made up of a greater range of substances after feather ingestion. On one hand, the host's immune response would be more diverse, increasing the capacity of the immune system to regulate gut microflora. On the other hand, the animal's physiological performance would also be affected. For wild animals, such altered physiological traits would be subjected to natural selection, and, hence, persistent geographic differences in the character of ingested feathers or fur would drive speciation.     

浒苔多酚对肥胖小鼠血脂代谢及肠道菌群的调节作用

为了研究浒苔多酚(Enteromorpha prolifera polyphenols, EPP)对高脂饮食诱导小鼠肥胖的预防作用,将24只C57BL/6J小鼠分为4组,即空白对照组、模型对照组、低剂量浒苔多酚处理组(100 mg·kg^-1·d^-1)以及高剂量浒苔多酚处理组(300 mg·kg^-1·d^-1),连续灌胃14周,考察不同剂量浒苔多酚干预对肥胖小鼠生理生化指标以及肠道菌群数量和结构的影响。结果表明,EPP能抑制肥胖小鼠体重增长,降低血清中总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇浓度(LDL-C)、丙二醛(MDA)、谷草转氨酶(AST)和谷丙转氨酶(ALT)浓度,增加高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)浓度,提高超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)以及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性。此外,EPP干预可提高有益菌如拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)、艾克曼菌属(Akkermansia)及副杆菌属(Parabacteroides)的相对丰度,促进短链脂肪酸(SCFAs)分泌;降低有害菌如瘤胃球菌属(Ruminococcaceae)及颤螺菌属(Oscillospira)的相对丰度。因此,浒苔多酚作为功能性食品成分能够减轻高脂饮食诱导的小鼠肥胖症状。本研究为浒苔多酚作为海洋资源的开发与利用提供了理论依据与数据支撑。     

木质基直柱型点阵夹芯结构的平压和弯曲性能研究

利用一种简单的插入-胶合方法,以杨木单板层积材和桦木圆棒榫制备了一种新型的木质基柱型点阵夹芯结构;采用正态测试方法和无损检测方法分别对圆棒榫和面板进行优选以降低木材变异性对试验结果的影响;对由2种不同圆棒榫尺寸制备的夹芯结构的平压和弯曲性能进行了研究.结果表明,运用理论模型来预测该种夹芯结构的平压强度和平压弹性模量试验结果表明,理论预测值大于实测值;平压试验的主要失效模式是圆棒榫的剪切破坏,与此同时该种夹芯结构在平压试验中表现出较好的能量吸收能力,而这一性能对其在木结构中应用的安全性极为重要;该种夹芯结构的弯曲性能与相对密度存在一定的线性关系.     

Characterisation of the microbiota associated with intestine of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.): The effect of fish meal, standard soybean meal and a bioprocessed soybean meal

Populations of aerobic heterotrophic bacteria present in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of healthy Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) fed three different diets, fish meal, standard or a bioprocessed soybean meal (BPSBM), were estimated using the dilution plate technique. A total of 944 isolates were characterised by biochemical and physiological properties and 425 isolates were identified further by sequencing the 16S rRNA genes. Our results showed that gut microbiota were affected by dietary manipulation. The GI tract of fish fed fish meal was dominated by Gram-positive bacteria of the genera Brochothrix and Carnobacterium. The Gram-negative bacteria Chryseobacterium spp. and Psychrobacter glacincola, and Gram-positive bacteria belonging to Carnobacterium, dominated in the digestive tract of fish fed soybean meal. In contrast to these results, genus Psychrobacter dominated in the GI tract when fish were fed BPSBM.Until recently, it was generally suggested that the gut microbiota of fish were less diverse than in homoeothermic animals. However, the present study identified several “new” bacterial species isolated from the alimentary tract of Atlantic cod. These “new” bacterial species are not normally isolated from the GI tract of fish. Based on our finding we suggest that the GI tract microbiota of fish might not be as simple as believed.Antagonistic activity of carnobacteria regarding inhibition of growth of two fish pathogens (Aeromonas salmonicida ssp. salmonicida and Vibrio anguillarum) was observed. However, some difference in the antibacterial activity of Carnobacterium spp. was observed. Whether this antagonistic activity has any effect in challenge studies will be discussed, especially in relation to the finding that the digestive tract is one of the major infection routes in fish.     

大型蒸渗仪的设计、建造与安装（英）

蒸渗仪是用来研究营养元素在农田中的运移的系统,本文系统描述了一种大型蒸渗仪的设计,建造与安装。试验采用湖北地区典型土壤类型黄棕壤与潮土,在华中农业大学校园内每种土壤安装16个大型蒸渗仪。蒸渗仪采用减少土柱的扰动的方法建造,并填充凡士林减少土壤水分的边缘流动。蒸渗仪采用外径630 mm高700 mm厚10 mm的PVC管作材料。土柱建成后安装在预制PVC底座上,底座中间有一圆孔外接淋失液收集装置。淋失液收集后用来测定淋失液离子含量。试验结果表明,相同土壤土柱之间淋失量差异不显著,没有检测到水分的边缘流动;同时建设效率高,费用低。     

口服急性毒性试验中Cry1C蛋白对鼠肠道菌群的影响

利用变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)分析不同ICR(institute of cancer researcch)小鼠在口服急性毒性试验中摄入Cry1C蛋白前后其肠道菌群的变化,进而对该抗虫蛋白的食用安全性进行较为深入的研究.DGGE图谱经UPGAMA聚类分析显示:小鼠间菌群结构存在较明显的个体差异;实验期间,对照组小鼠灌胃前后其菌群基本保持稳定;实验组小鼠试验前后肠道菌群变化差异较对照组明显.随着灌胃的停止其变化差异在经历过高峰后会随着停喂时间的延长而减小,且菌相有逐渐恢复灌胃前结构的趋势.从肠道菌相的角度分析可知:该抗虫Cry1C蛋白对小鼠是基本安全的.