Development of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Peronospora parasitica</Emphasis> epidemics on radish as modelled by the effects of water vapour saturation deficit and temperature

Epidemics of Peronospora parasitica are strongly affected by temperature and air moisture, and the interaction of these factors. Because a significant percentage of radish plants are grown in greenhouses, it may be possible to influence epidemics by altering the greenhouse climate. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that epidemics of P. parasitica can be modelled by the effects of air temperature and moisture in the greenhouse. Such a model could then be used to analyse greenhouse climate control strategies with regard to managing downy mildew. Five radish crops were grown under greenhouse conditions with set-points for heating and ventilation intended to obtain favourable conditions for disease development during the first part of the growing cycle. Subsequent to this first phase, unfavourable conditions were set until harvest. Disease incidence was measured once a week until the radishes reached marketable size. In addition, experiments were carried out in growth chambers in which inoculated plants were subjected to air temperatures between 8 and 27°C, and disease incidence and sporulation intensity were measured. Data from these two experiments were then used to estimate model parameters. In this model, the interactions of air temperature (T) and water vapour saturation deficit (SD) were adequately described by a multiplicative relationship. The simulated epidemics by the fitted model were highly correlated with the observed epidemics (r = 0.91, R ² = 0.83, n = 29). Parameter estimates indicated that T of ca. 20°C and SD < 0.03 hPa resulted in the highest rates of disease development and that the rate was zero when SD > 2.0 hPa. Both experimental data and simulations showed that epidemics of P. parasitica can be effectively controlled by managing the greenhouse climate.     

青藏高原东北部农牧交错区气候变化及其对草场植被的影响

利用青藏高原东北部12个地面气象站1961-2000年的降水、气温资料，分析了区域内近40a来气候的交化及其对牧草的影响。结果表明，青藏高原东北部农牧交错区从20世纪80年代末开始有明显的暖干化趋势，受气候暖干化，以及超载过牧、草地鼠虫害、滥挖乱垦等因素共同影响，区域内牧草产量下降，牧草群体结构平均密度明显减少，导致草场植被稀琉，草场退化现象B趋严重。     

内蒙古近45a蒸发量气候变化特征分析

利用内蒙古境内35个气象站1960~2004年逐日蒸发皿蒸发量资料,研究了大兴安岭森林区、草甸草原区、典型草原区、荒漠化草原区、草原化荒漠区和典型荒漠区6种不同生态类型区域蒸发量的气候变化,揭示了不同生态类型区蒸发量的特征值及蒸发量年内、年际变化规律,推断得出内蒙古不同生态类型区域今后蒸发量的气候变化趋势。     

乌兰布和荒漠人工绿洲小气候效应研究

通过对乌兰布和荒漠东北边缘人工绿洲内和荒漠对照区各小气候因子连续１２年的同步观察,采用模糊综合评判方法,全面定量分析了防护森体系不同时期的小气候效应及变化规律,评价结果表明,绿洲防护要体系对各气象因子有前显的影响,特别是降低风速,抑制蒸发,提高空气湿度等方面尤为突出,综合小气候效应明显,１２年间效益值增加了０．７４６,增长率为３１％,绿洲防护林体系对小气候的改善作用各时期不同,从综合效益值来看,初     

黄河流域旱涝灾害的时空分布特征

本文以月降水距平为指标,根据黄河流域典型台站４０年的降水资料,对黄河流域旱涝灾害的时空分布特征进行了分析,并进行了区域划分。     

岱海游乐场孔孢粉分析及其2500年来古气候演化

本文通过对岱海游乐场钻孔剖面沉积物孢粉的定性、半定量分析,并结合岩性、岩相变化,初步恢复了该地区２５００年来古植被、古气候演化过程。研究结果表明,岱海湖盆自２５００年来植被类型有典型草原—灌丛草原—森林草原—灌丛草原的演化过程,古气候有较暖湿—较暖干—较冷干—较冷湿—较冷干的变化过程。     

我国气候因素的变化对奶牛生产的影响

在分析我国气候因素变化的基础上,着重阐述了气候因子对我国奶牛采食,饲料利用率,产奶量和乳成分,奶牛的繁殖力,日增重及发病率等生产性能的影响。结果表明,高温高湿是奶牛生产的主要环境因子。作者不提出了控制奶牛环境的若干措施。     

基于模块化分工的农业产业发展研究

在阐述模块化理论研究的基础上,阐述了农业有限分工和农业产业化模块分工理论,以农业有限分工的视角研究了农业模块化发展,旨在促进市场规模扩大与现代化大农业的产生和发展,能够为模块化分工理论的研究提供借鉴。     

赤霉素和细胞分裂素调控苹果果实早期生长发育机理的研究

采用流式细胞术（ＦＣＭ）及酶联免疫法（ＥＬＩＳＡ）从细胞学和激素生理学的角度研究了ＧＡ４／７、ＢＡ及ＣＰＰＵ调节苹果果实早期发育的可能机理。ＧＡ４／７（５０ｍｇ／Ｌ）抑制了苹果果肉细胞分裂，未提高果实内源细胞分裂素（ＺＲｓ，ｉＰＡ）含量推测它主要通过促进工而促进果实生长，ＢＡ（５０ｍｇ／Ｌ）和ＣＰＰＵ（１２．５ｍｇ／Ｌ）可以显著促进苹果幼果的细胞分裂，ＣＰＰＵ的细胞分裂素活性较ＢＡ高，ＢＡ和ＣＰＰ     

The fallacy of the missing middle: physics →…→ fisheries

In this paper I discuss some of the shortcomings of today's marine science in response to a recently published paper by Ann Gargett (1997). Three problem areas have been identified in the field linking climate forcing and fish production: First, the yet-to-be established observational proof for a relationship between the two; Second, the strongly neglected biology of organisms at evolutionary and ecological time scales; and thrird, the disregard for spatial and temporal scales in the discussion of mechanisms and supporting data.