Evaluation of coral bleaching condition <Emphasis Type="Italic">in situ</Emphasis> using an underwater pulse amplitude modulated fluorometer

ABSTRACT:   Photosynthetic activities of hermatypic corals (28 genera, c . 68 species and c. 92 specimen) were measured in November 2000 at Sekisei lagoon, Okinawa, Japan, using an underwater pulse amplitude modulated fluorometer. Maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm) ranged from 0.61 to 0.70 and had an average value of 0.664 (standard deviation [SD], 0.0289). Following the measurement of Fv/Fm, quantum yield (Fm'-F)/Fm' at eight-leveled actinic-light intensities were obtained from all specimens. Values of electronic transport rates (ETR) were nearly the same under low photosynthetic active radiation (PAR; µmol quanta/m² per s) condition and varied with increasing PAR. The value of ETR at 100 µmol quanta/m² per s ranged from 21.3 to 30.0 and had an average of 27.8 (SD, 2.09). In August 2001, a coral bleaching event was observed in Sekisei Lagoon. During the event, photosynthetic activities of 21 specimens of eight species (seven genera) were measured. By applying two indicators, Fv/Fm and ETR at 100 µmol quanta/m² per s obtained in August 2000, 18 of 21 specimens were suggested under the bleaching process. In case of Porites lutea , seven colonies were visually evaluated for their condition of bleaching and were found to have two 'normal', three 'slightly bleached' and two 'heavily bleached'. From the density of zooxanthellae, colonies evaluated 'normal' or 'slightly bleached' did not show an apparent difference. However, they were clearly identified by Fm/Fv and ETR at 100 µmol quanta/m² per s.     

Growth of cultured mussels (Perna canaliculus Gmelin 1791) at a deep-water chlorophyll maximum layer

We tested the hypothesis that yield of the mussel Perna canaliculus (Gmelin 1791) could be increased by placing culture ropes deep into the water column to take advantage of deep‐water chlorophyll a maxima. The study site, in Pelorus Sound, New Zealand, showed periods of thermal stratification of the water column, causing a high concentration of phytoplankton in deeper water, at the thermocline. Mussels were grown simultaneously at 5 and 17 m, for up to 96 days. Mussel growth and condition index data showed no significant differences between the two depth treatments, indicating that in this system there may not be substantial mussel productivity benefits from lowering mussel farms to the deep‐water chlorophyll maximum layer.     

微生物菌肥及施肥方式对辣椒品质的影响

在大棚日光条件下,研究微生物菌肥及施肥方式对辣椒品质的影响,施肥方式如下：菌肥、化肥、混合肥(菌肥＋化肥),测定辣椒果实的硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐等安全品质和可溶性糖、维生素C、叶绿素等营养品质的含量。结果表明,菌肥能显著降低硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐的积累,提高辣椒维生素C和可溶性糖的含量,与单施化肥比较,单施菌肥和混合施肥的硝酸盐含量分别降低了46.1%和16.6%,亚硝酸盐含量分别降低了71.3%和48.9%,维生素C含量增加了97.3%和74.9%,可溶性糖含量分别增加了36.9%和102.8%,叶绿素含量降低但差异不显著。由此可见菌肥可以提高辣椒的营养品质和安全品质。     

基于日光诱导叶绿素荧光的柑橘黄龙病原位诊断

柑橘黄龙病（Huanglongbing, HLB）是柑橘生产中的毁灭性病害,柑橘植株遭到黄龙病菌侵染后光合能力发生变化而后表现出相应的黄化症状。及早实现HLB的原位快速诊断是防控HLB的重要手段。为探究黄龙病菌侵染柑橘叶片的光合响应机制并实现HLB的原位诊断,该研究分析了健康（Healthy）、未显症HLB（asymptomatic HLB, aHLB）、显症HLB（symptomatic HLB, sHLB）以及黄斑病（Macular,症状与黄龙病相似）柑橘叶片的光合参数与光合色素含量差异。利用光谱技术与日光诱导叶绿素荧光（Sun-induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence, SIF）技术分析了4种类型柑橘叶片的反射率光谱与SIF光谱差异。采用竞争自适应重加权采样（Competitive Adaptive Reweighted Sampling, CARS）算法结合反射率光谱筛选出特征波段,采用SIF光谱的峰值位置（687和741 nm）构建了上行（Upward, Up）和下行（Downward, Dw）SIF产量指数（Up687, Up741, Dw687, Dw741, Up687/741, Dw687/741）。进一步分别利用特征波段的反射率和SIF产量指数,结合K最邻近（K-nearest Neighbor, KNN）分类算法构建了柑橘黄龙病的诊断模型。结果表明,黄龙病菌的侵染使柑橘叶片的光合作用明显减弱,在未显症时期已经表现出来,证明了SIF技术在诊断早期HLB的优势。基于特征波段反射率的KNN模型对未显症HLB和显症HLB的诊断精度为72.7%和75.6%,健康叶片和黄斑病叶片分别为82.2%和64.1%,而基于687和741 nm波长处的上行比值SIF产量指数Up687/741构建的KNN模型对未显症HLB和显症HLB的诊断精度为84.8%和91.1%,健康和黄斑病叶片分别为88.9%和82.1%,均优于反射率光谱模型。结果证明了SIF技术用于诊断柑橘HLB的潜力,为实现柑橘HLB的田间原位、快速、早期诊断提供了可能。     

Spectral indices measured with proximal sensing using canopy reflectance sensor, chlorophyll meter and leaf color chart for in-season grain yield prediction of basmati rice

A number of optical sensing tools are now available and can potentially be used for refining need-based fertilizer nitrogen (N) topdressing decisions. Algorithms for estimating field-specific fertilizer N needs are based on predictions of yield made while the crops are still growing in the field. The present study was conducted to establish and validate yield prediction models using spectral indices measured with proximal sensing using GreenSeeker canopy reflectance sensor, soil and plant analyzer development (SPAD) chlorophyll meter, and two different types of leaf color charts (LCCs) for five basmati rice genotypes across different growth stages. Regression analysis was performed using normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) recorded with GreenSeeker sensor and leaf greenness indices measured with SPAD meter and LCCs developed by Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana (India) (PAU-LCC) and the International Rice Research Institute, Philippines (IRRI-LCC). The exponential relationship between NDVI and grain yield exhibited the highest coefficient of determination (R²) and minimum normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) at panicle initiation stage and explained 38.3%-76.4% variation in yield using genotype-specific models. Spectral indices pooled for different genotypes were closely related to grain yield at all growth stages and explained 53.4%-57.2% variation in grain yield. Normalizing different spectral indices with cumulative growing degree days (CGDD) decreased the accuracy of yield prediction. Normalization with days after transplanting (DAT), however, did not reduce or improve the predictability of yield. The ability of each model to predict grain yield was validated with an independent dataset collected from two experiments conducted at different sites with a range of fertilizer N doses. The NDVI-based genotype-specific models exhibited a robust linear correlation (R²=0.77, NRMSE=7.37%, n=180) between observed and predicted grain yields only at 35 DAT (i.e., panicle initiation stage), while the SPAD, PAU-LCC, and IRRI-LCC consistently provided reliable predictions (with respective R² of 0.63, 0.60, and 0.53 and NRMSE of 10%, 10%, and 13.6%) even with genotype invariant models with 900 data points obtained at different growth stages. The study revealed that unnormalized values of spectral indices, namely NDVI, SPAD, PAU-LCC, and IRRI-LCC, can be satisfactorily used for in-season estimation of grain yield for basmati rice. As LCCs are very economical compared with chlorophyll meters and canopy reflectance sensors, they can be preferably used by small farmers in developing countries.     

油莎豆幼苗应对盐碱胁迫的光合生理响应机制

对油莎豆幼苗在不同浓度盐胁迫和碱胁迫下的光合生理响应进行研究,揭示其耐盐机制以及抗盐碱能力阈值,为油莎豆在新疆大面积种植及合理划分种植区域提供理论基础。试验选用2种中性盐（NaCl, Na₂SO₄）和2种碱性盐（NaHCO₃ , Na₂CO₃）,分别按2∶1的比例配成相应溶液进行胁迫处理,盐、碱胁迫处理低、中、高浓度分别为 80、160、320 mmol· L^-1和40、80、120 mmol· L^-1,培养于室内光温培养箱中,在出苗15 d后,测量叶绿素含量,光合参数,荧光参数等指标。结果表明：在盐、碱胁迫下随胁迫程度的增加叶绿素a含量（Chl a）、叶绿素b含量（Chl b）、总叶绿素含量（Chl T）、类胡萝卜素含量（Car）、光合速率（P_n）、气孔导度 （G_s）、蒸腾速率（T_r）呈下降趋势,最大荧光（F_m）、实际光化学效率（ΦPSⅡ）、最大光化学效率（F_v/F_m）、光化学猝灭系数（qP）被抑制,非调节性能量耗散（Y(NO)）升高。其中P_n与G_s、T_r、Chl a,呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,与Car、Chl T、F_m、ΦPSⅡ、qP（P<0.05）成显著正相关,与Y(NO)表现为显著负相关。因此油莎豆在盐、碱胁迫下光合速率下降主要与G_s、T_r、Chl a的降低有关。且油莎豆在盐碱胁迫下可通过降低G_s、T_r、叶片含水量（WC）和提高水分利用效率（WUE）以及启动热耗散机制来维持水分的供给和光合系统的动态平衡。在不同盐成分处理中表现为同浓度下碱胁迫抑制程度均大于盐胁迫。     

土壤水分特征曲线自动检测系统的设计与应用

[目的]为了更好地满足现代农业各种种植环境下作物对水分要求越来越精准,结合土壤含水量与土壤水分势能的概念,设计了土壤水分特征曲线自动检测系统。[方法]利用电子式土壤水分张力传感器实时测定供试盆钵中土壤水分的张力数值,同时采用电子式重量传感器测定土壤重量,利用差减法计算土壤含水量,并绘制土壤水分特征曲线。[结果]通过对江苏地区2种不同质地土壤实地测定得出：质地不同水分特征曲线走势不同,分别为：徐州地区黄河古道砂质土水分特征曲线关系式为 Y=-0.0002X3＋0.0277X2-1.6445X＋38.161,R2=0.9919;大丰金海农场盐碱土水分特征曲线关系式为 Y=-0.002X2-0.426X＋39.905,R2=0.9913。[结论]土壤水分特征曲线自动检测系统可以同时反应土壤含水量和土壤水分势能状况,可反映土壤水分对植物生长的有效性,为科学灌溉提供依据。     

恒温恒湿检定系统日常维护与故障分析

简述了伟思富奇恒温恒湿箱以及与之配套使用的神荣露点仪日常维护与保养的注意事项,指出以预防故障为前提的日常维护工作的必要性.分析了设备可能出现的故障情况,并列举排除故障的方法和维修措施.     

基于近红外光谱苗期玉米叶片叶绿素含量的无损检测方法

试验以42片未经处理的苗期玉米叶片为试材,采用近红外光谱检测技术和SNV+Detrending的预处理方法,应用偏最小二乘回归分析方法建立定量分析模型,通过测定近红外光谱图,研究3 300~10 000 cm-1范围内苗期玉米叶片的光谱特性。结果表明,测定苗期玉米叶片叶绿素含量的决定系数R2为0.989,残差均方根RMSE为0.047,采用近红外光谱快速检测苗期玉米叶片叶绿素含量是可行的。     

钙对人参某些生物学性状和生理指标的影响

为明确必需元素钙对人参生长的影响,利用水培试验在霍格兰氏营养液基础上,设置3个钙浓度梯度作为处理:分别为0.25(低钙组),4(正常组),16(高钙组)mmol/L,研究钙胁迫下人参生物学特征及其体内生理响应机制。试验结果表明:与正常组相比,低钙处理人参叶片深绿、面积小且皱缩,茎弯曲,根系弱小、侧根少且呈红褐色,高钙组人参叶片黄绿,侧根发达;高钙阻碍了人参叶片叶绿素的合成,提高了叶片光合捕光能力,叶绿素含量为2.692 mg/g,叶绿素a与叶绿素b比值为2.602;低钙破坏了细胞膜透性,增大了人参茎电解质渗透率,其电解质渗透率是正常组的2.1倍,为35.64%;人参根系活力的比较,正常组高钙组低钙组(P0.05)分别为53.94,49.32,42.74μg/(g·h);人参各器官的钙积累随着钙浓度的增加而相应增大,其中人参叶片增加的幅度最大,其钙含量为1.751 mg/g。