Chemical composition and in sacco dry matter degradability of residue and by-products of palm fruit processing in the rumen of steers

The nutritive value of residue (palm calyx leaves (PCL)) and by-products (palm press fiber (PPF) and palm oil sludge (POS)) of palm fruit processing were studied through analysis of their chemical components and degradability of their dry matter (DM) in the rumen of steers. Chemical analysis showed that the materials have similar organic matter components (mean = 95.2%), while crude protein (CP, g/100 g) and metabolisable energy (ME, MJ/kg DM) were highest in POS (10.02 and 9.43), followed by PPF (7.02 and 8.61) and least in PCL (5.42 and 8.04). An opposite trend of CP and ME was noticed in NDF and ADF contents, being 61.53 and 49.11% in PCL, 44.84 and 32.08% in PPF and 25.35 and 20.29% in POS. Mineral contents showed that PPF and POS had the lowest and highest concentration, respectively, of Mg (0.07 vs. 0.11%), Cu (58.5 vs. 143.9 mg/kg) and Fe (1374.5 vs. 4086.0 mg/kg). Dry matter degradation characteristics and effective degradability varied significantly ( P  < 0.05) and were consistently highest in POS and least in PCL. Results have generally shown that the residue and by-products could be ranked for their potential feeding value as POS > PPF > PCL. It is concluded that POS and PPF can be harnessed directly as feed resources for ruminant animals, while PCL will require some treatments to enhance its nutritive value in ruminants.     

人工低产林改造对生态恢复区土壤理化性质的影响

为了解人工低产林改造对土壤理化性质的影响,于2010年9月-2011年8月对甘肃定西华家岭生态恢复区4个人工低产林改造后的混交林和1个杨树纯林、1个荒草坡对照点的土壤主要理化性质进行了研究.结果表明,杨树纯林的土壤有机质、总N和总P含量均处于较低水平,分别低于荒草坡10.98、0.78、0.10 g/kg;低产林改造后,土壤含水量、有机质和总N含量均有所升高,且随着改造时间的延长呈现出明显的增加趋势.改造8、18、25、31 a的混交林土壤含水量分别高出杨树纯林2.01、7.79、11.38、12.07个百分点,有机质含量分别高出2.96、15.23、20.80、24.96g/kg,总N含量分别高出0.41、1.02、1.48、1.96 g/kg;总P含量在改造初期有所增加,后期维持稳定,改造8、18、25 a的混交林总P含量分别高出杨树纯林0.02、0.06、0.10 g/kg,改造31a和25 a的混交林总P含量相等;低产林改造后土壤pH值略有降低.结果显示,人工低产林改造大大改善了该区土壤环境质量,有利于该区生态环境的恢复重建.     

Cropping Systems and Integrated Pest Management: Examples from Selected Crops

SUMMARY

Cropping systems have been central to managing associated pests for centuries. This treatment focuses on the history, concepts, and the integration of available Integrated Pest Management (IPM) tools/strategies into cropping systems. Pest assessments/diagnoses, IPM-decision-making aids, and examples of pest management in selected crops/cropping systems (wheat, soybean, corn, cotton, potato, and strawberry) as well as emerging opportunities and challenges are discussed. The evolving philosophy of IPM and the recently renewed emphasis on ecologically based pest management address the fact that significant levels of predation and/or parasitism are desirable insofar as they promote diversity and sustainability of agroecosystems. Thus, cropping systems are beginning to focus on soil and crop health as well as specific IPM and production goals. Although extensive efforts have been directed toward modeling the many interactions between crops, associated pests and the environment, the general implementation of a systems approach to integrated crop and pest management remains to be accomplished.     

突脉青冈纤维特征和化学成分研究

对突脉青冈纤维形态和化学成分的测定和分析，揭示了突脉青冈纤维形态和化学成分的特征及其纤维形态随树龄的变化规律，结果表明：突脉青冈木材可作为林产工业的纤维材料使用。     

不同腌制方法对蕨菜主要化学指标的影响

蕨菜腌制过程中若干化学指标的变化，结果表明：经过腌制，蕨菜中ＶＣ和叶绿素含量显著下降，饱和盐水法腌制蕨菜两项指标高于干腌法；饱和盐水法和干腌法的亚硝峰出现分别在腌制后的１０５ｄ和１２０ｄ，峰值为４．０μｇ．ｇ－１和２１．４μｇ．ｇ－１，两种腌制方法的蕨菜ｐＨ值在７月份均因轻微发酵作用有所下降，但并未影响蕨菜的风味；饱和盐水法腌制的蕨菜食盐含量在前１５ｄ迅速增加，６０ｄ达到平衡。从感官状态看，饱和盐水法的蕨菜组织较饱满，色泽黄绿，而干腌法的蕨菜表面皱缩，色泽褐绿；综合感官和化学指标以饱和盐水法腌制的蕨菜品质好于干腌法。     

Effects of Denapon and Ethrel on thinning grapes

The effectiveness of Denapon and Ethrel as a thinning chemical for ‘Muscat of Alexandria’ grape was examined from 1980 to 1982 with various timings and concentrations of application. Ethrel applied at 50 mg l^?1 by cluster-dipping or shoot-spraying at full bloom, or 6 days after full bloom, resulted in over-thinning and chemical injury, and no thinning effect was found when Ethrel was applied at 10 or 5 mg l^?1 on the same dates. The only treatment which exhibited a desirable thinning effect was shoot-spraying at 50 mg l^?1 12 days after full bloom, but this markedly inhibited berry growth. Denapon applied at 1667 mg l^?1 by shoot-spraying at full bloom, or 6 days after full bloom, reduced the number of berries per cluster almost adequately and consistently without any unfavorable side effects. This chemical applied at 834 mg l^?1 was nearly as effective as when applied at 1667 mg l^?1, but the effectiveness of the former was less consistent than that of the latter. From these results, Denapon is thought to be a promising thinning chemical for ‘Muscat of Alexandria’.     

吉林地区淫羊藿理化分析和有机氯类农药残留量分析

目的：了解淫羊藿中淫羊藿苷含量及在种植过程中有机氯类农药残留量。方法：采用2005年版《中国药典》一部中方法对不同产地的6批淫羊藿药材进行理化分析，以高效液相色谱法分析淫羊藿苷含量，以气相色谱法测定有机氯类农药残留量。结果：不同产地的6批药材中总黄酮含量均在7．4％以上，淫羊藿苷含量在0．20％．-0．29％之间。结论：淫羊藿苷的含量偏低     

国产X65卷板在库鄯管道的应用

上海宝钢首次生产的Ｘ６５卷板，作为库鄯输油管道用钢哮，经制管和试验检查，钢材稳定、质量合格，完全符合ＡＰＩ５Ｌ标准，在力学性能和化学成分等方面邓国际水平，为我国高强度、高韧性的管 道用钢填补了空白。     

情感教育与化学作文

在新课程标准中明确提出了情感态度与价值观的教学目标，那么什么是情感教育，在古代和现代，人们对情感教育又有怎样的认识。我们是怎样来看待情感教育的，实施情感教育的价值何在。在实施新课标的过程中，通过利用化学学科文理兼容的性质，在教学中运用“化学作文”来培养学生的情感态度，激发学生的学习兴趣。文中以物质的量为知识背景，利用微粒个数、阿伏伽德罗常数、物质的量、常数6．02×10^23这4个物理量创设了一个化学情景，对化学作文进行了一次小的尝试，从尝试中笔者感受到了学生丰富的化学情感和奇妙的想象以及他们对化学的喜爱。     

我国市售虾酱产品品质分析与评价

为了解我国市售虾酱产品的品质现状，探究不同品种虾酱之间的品质差异，采集了32种市售虾酱，进行了感官评价和水分、盐分、蛋白质、氨基酸态氮等理化指标的检测，对品质相关数据进行了统计分析和主成分分析，并进一步采用电子鼻和气相–离子迁移谱(GC-IMS)对气味进行了分析。结果表明，市售虾酱色泽和质地差异相对较小，而气味差异较大。理化指标中，市售虾酱的氨基酸态氮含量变异系数为33.91%，离散程度最大。在主成分分析中，提取到3个主成分，累计方差贡献率达82.32%，表明能够涵盖虾酱品质的基本信息，水分、氨基酸态氮、气味是影响虾酱综合品质的关键指标。电子鼻聚类热图表明，在欧式距离4.03处可将32种虾酱聚为4类，原料是影响聚类的主要因素。对海银虾、蜢子虾和白虾3种原料的虾酱进行GC-IMS分析，共鉴定出63种挥发性成分，主要是醇类。研究结果可为虾酱产品品质评价与生产工艺改进提供参考。