白肉灵芝水提物对脑缺血大鼠海马神经元的保护作用

试验旨在探讨白肉灵芝水提物（Ganoderma leucocontextum aqueous extracts,GLAE）对脑缺血后海马神经元的保护作用及机制。将50只健康大鼠分为对照组、模型组、GLAE低（0.05 mg/（g·BW））、中（0.1 mg/（g·BW））、高（0.2 mg/（g·BW））剂量组。利用双侧颈总动脉夹闭法建立大鼠脑缺血模型,GLAE组灌胃不同剂量的GLAE干预,对照组和模型组灌胃同体积的生理盐水,连续2周。用跳台试验方法检测记忆获得、记忆巩固和记忆再现障碍大鼠的学习记忆能力,HE染色观察大鼠海马组织的病理形态的变化,比色法检测海马组织一氧化氮合酶（nitric oxide synthase,NOS）活性和一氧化氮（nitric oxide,NO）含量,Western blotting和实时荧光定量PCR法分别检测海马组织生长相关蛋白-43（growth associated protein-43,GAP-43）和脑源性神经生长因子（brain derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF）的水平。结果显示,与对照组相比,模型组大鼠跳台试验的逃避潜伏期显著缩短、电击次数显著增加（P<0.05）;海马神经元细胞出现明显核固缩、排列松散紊乱等退行性改变,细胞数量显著减少（P<0.05）;海马组织NOS活性和NO含量均显著降低（P<0.05）;大鼠海马组织GAP-43蛋白表达量显著升高（P<0.05）;海马组织BDNF mRNA表达量显著下调（P<0.05）。与模型组相比,GLAE干预后,大鼠逃避潜伏期均显著延长、电击次数均显著减少（P<0.05）;GLAE高剂量组大鼠CA1区和齿状回锥体神经元细胞形态明显改善,神经元数量显著增加（P<0.05）;GLAE低剂量组对NOS活性影响不明显（P>0.05）,显著增加NO含量（P<0.05）,GLAE中、高剂量组NOS活性和NO含量均显著升高（P<0.05）;GLAE低、中、高剂量组海马组织GAP-43蛋白表达量均显著增加（P<0.05）;GLAE低、中、高剂量组海马组织BDNF mRNA表达量均显著增加（P<0.05）。以上结果表明,GLAE可通过提高NOS活性和NO水平、促进海马神经发生和功能恢复对脑缺血后海马神经元损伤有一定的保护作用,从而改善大鼠认知功能,0.2 mg/g GLAE效果最好。     

Histocytological specificities of adrenal cortex in the New World Monkeys, Aotus lemurinus and Saimiri boliviensis

The New World monkey Aotus spp. (night monkeys) are expected for use of valuable experimental animal with the close species of Saimiri spp. (squirrel monkeys). Saimiri is known to show spontaneous hypercortisolemia, although few reports in Aotus. We compared basic states of blood steroid hormones and histological structure of the adrenal glands in two monkeys. Serum cortisol and ACTH levels were statistically lower in Aotus than Saimiri. Conversely, Aotus adrenocortical area showed significant enlargement, especially at the zona fasciculata. Electron microscopic observation at Aotus fasciculata cells revealed notable accumulation of large lipid droplets and irregular shapes of the mitochondrial cristae. These results suggest potential differences in cellular activities for steroidogenesis between Aotus and Saimiri and experimental usefulness in adrenocortical physiology and pathological models.     

出生前山羊大脑皮质的形成和发育

对山羊胚胎大脑皮质形成及其神经元发育的形态学变化进行了研究，结果表明：（1）山羊胚胎不同类型大脑皮质的皮质板形成时间顺序为旧皮质、新皮质→海马皮质，与种系发生规律相反，提示神经系统内部结构的形成并非完全符合种系进化，而与动物个体组织结构自身的发展相关。不同类型大脑皮质皮质板的分化顺序为古皮质→旧皮质→新皮质，与种系发生的顺序相符。（2）山羊胚胎海马皮质锥体细胞的发育较早，按由深到浅的次序发育，而海马皮质中的非锥体细胞于第19周开始发育。梨状叶皮质锥体细胞发育的较早，最先出现在深层，颗粒层第18周出现。大脑新皮质各层神经元发育顺序依次为：内锥体层→外锥体层、多形层→内颗粒层→外颗粒层。各种类型皮质的神经元在出生前都未发育成熟。     

大脑皮质神经元培养中胰蛋白酶消化分离技术的探讨

为探讨大脑皮质神经元培养中胰蛋白酶消化分离法的最佳条件, 取新生大鼠大脑皮质组织，在不同的胰蛋白酶消化条件下分离培养神经元，通过细胞形态观察以及染色计数比较不同消化条件对神经元活性的影响。结果表明，0.25％胰蛋白酶，37℃，5 min消化分离的神经元活性较好，细胞产率也较高。在新生大鼠大脑皮质神经元培养时，采用0.25％胰蛋白酶，37℃，5 min可消化分离到单层、生长活性较好的神经元。     

牡丹皮等16种中草药提取物抑制植物病原菌的研究

以牡丹皮等16种中草药的丙酮提取物为材料,测定了其对5种植物病原菌的生长抑制活性。结果表明:在供试质量浓度为0.05 g/mL时,牡丹皮提取物对所有供试病原菌菌丝生长抑制效果最好,除对杨树溃疡病菌菌丝生长抑制率为85.3%外,对其他植物病原菌的抑制率均为100%。高良姜提取物抑菌活性次之,对4种供试植物病原菌菌丝生长抑制率均在80%以上,对番茄灰霉病菌的抑制率最低,也达到68%。黄芩提取物对供试的3种植物病原菌的抑制率超过60%。连翘、知母、蔓荆、乳香和地榆等5种中药提取物分别对供试的5种植物病原菌中的2种有较好的抑菌活性。在供试质量浓度为0.1 g/mL时,牡丹皮、高良姜等2种中药提取物对杨树溃疡病菌孢子萌发抑制作用相当明显,抑制率均在80%以上;白花蛇舌草、乳香、川楝等3种中药提取物对杨树溃疡病菌孢子萌发抑制作用次之,抑制率均在60%以上。     

USE OF COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF A CEREBRAL ABSCESS IN A GOAT

A 7-month-old La Mancha doe was presented with a right head tilt and ventral strabismus while circling to the left. History and physical examination led to a tentative diagnosis of a cerebral abscess. Computed tomography revealed a large, complex mass with ring enhancement in the left cerebral hemisphere, supporting the diagnosis. Postmortem examination confirmed the cerebral abscess. Bacterial cultures yielded heavy growth of Actinomyces pyogenes.     

昆虫生长调节剂对东亚飞蝗表皮和脑神经分泌细胞的影响(Ⅱ)

通过光学显微镜及电子显微镜观察，综合分析了昆虫生长调节剂卡死克对东亚飞蝗表皮与脑的显微及亚显微形态结构的影响。结果表明，处理后的若虫表皮由于真皮细胞结构被破坏导致内表皮变薄、板层结构消失，而且真皮细胞层与内表皮层分离，细胞质内小泡变大而分布不均，核染色质凝结成为小颗粒且分布不匀。脑神经分泌细胞受药物影响数量明显减少，结构松散，胞间空泡变大，引起轴突变形。经透射电子显微镜检查发现，脑神经分泌细胞的轴突与胞体分离并膨大变形。线粒体结构发生改变，膜与内嵴消失。另外，轴浆运输中的神经分泌颗粒明显减少。     

INTRAARTERIAL INJECTION OF IODINATED CONTRAST MEDIUM FOR CONTRAST ENHANCED COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY OF THE EQUINE HEAD

Minimizing the volume of contrast administered for contrast‐enhanced computed tomography (CT) of the equine head is desirable for reducing costs and risks of adverse reactions, however evidence‐based studies on the effects of varying volumes on image quality are currently lacking. The objective of the current study was to determine whether low‐volume intraarterial administration of contrast medium would result in an equivalent image quality and tissue attenuation vs. high‐volume intravenous bolus administration. A prospective cross‐over experimental design was used in a sample of six horses. After anesthetic induction, the right carotid artery was exposed surgically and catheterized. Four CT scans of the cranium were performed for each horse: baseline, immediately following intraarterial contrast injection, five‐min postinjection (return to baseline) and a final scan after intravenous contrast administration. Soft tissue attenuation in predetermined regions of interest (ROI); and length, width, and height measurements of the pituitary gland were recorded at each time point. Horses were euthanized and measurements of the pituitary gland were repeated postmortem. No adverse reactions to contrast administration were observed. Intraarterial and intravenous administration of contrast medium resulted in significantly greater soft tissue enhancement of some brain ROI's and the pituitary gland vs. baseline values. Pituitary gland measurements made on postcontrast CT images did not differ from those obtained during postmortem examination. Findings indicated that low‐dose intraarterial administration of contrast material in the equine head resulted in comparable soft tissue enhancement vs. high volume intravenous administration.     

神经节苷脂对脑瘫大鼠大脑皮质区Nestin、NGF表达的影响

目的 观察神经节苷脂(GM1)对脑瘫大鼠大脑皮质区神经巢蛋白(Nestin)、神经生长因子(NGF)表达的影响,探讨GM1促进脑瘫神经修复的可能机制.方法 选择出生10周雄性SD大鼠200只,随机分为3组:假手术组60只,脑瘫模型140只,再分为模型组70只,腹腔注射生理盐水;GM1组70只,腹腔注射GM1.分别在术后0～24 h的7个时间点利用酶联免疫法检测大鼠大脑皮质区Nestin、NGF表达情况,并在实验前和后1～4 d观察大鼠的体质量变化情况.结果 (1)大鼠大脑皮质区Nestin表达GM1组0～24 h、模型组0～12 h明显高于假手术组(P＜0.01);GM1组16～24 h明显高于模型组(P＜0.01).(2)GM1组大鼠大脑皮质区NGF表达0～24 h明显高于模型组(P＜0.05)和假手术组(P＜0.01).模型组NGF表达仅0、4、8h高于假手术组(P＜0.05).(3)GM1组术后第1、2天体质量缓慢增加,至第3、4天明显高于模型组(P＜0.05),接近假手术组(P＞0.05),模型组体质量增加不明显.结论 预防性使用GM1是通过增强大脑皮质的Nestin和NGF表达并延长表达时间来发挥其对实验性脑瘫大鼠的神经保护作用.     

N-乙酰L-半胱氨酸预处理对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护机制

制备大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注实验模型,通过N-乙酰L-半胱氨酸（NAC）预处理对脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用,探索脑梗死病理过程及药物治疗途径。NAC预处理21d,利用栓线法建立大鼠大脑中动脉栓塞模型,造模后24h进行神经症状评分,TTC染色,检测血浆MDA、GSH含量,观察大脑皮质细胞凋亡情况及凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2、Bax的表达。结果显示,通过神经症状评分和TTC染色判定大鼠局灶性脑缺血实验模型建立成功。与对照组相比,NAC预处理组（100mg·kg^-1）大鼠血浆中MDA含量显著降低（P〈0.05）,GSH含量显著升高（P〈0.05）;NAC模型组细胞凋亡率及Bax/Bcl-2比值明显低于对照组。结果表明,NAC通过改善氧化应激状态,调控凋亡蛋白Bcl-2、Bax表达,从而对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤具有一定的保护作用。