川西北亚高山草地不同退化梯度草地土壤养分变化

通过对轻度退化、中度退化和重度退化3个不同退化程度的亚高山草地土壤的养分成分测定得出,随着草地退化程度的加剧,轻度到重度退化的草地土壤有机质含量分别比对照减少了38.94%,44.58%和48.49%,全氮含量逐渐减少(重牧除外),全磷、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量逐渐上升,但不同营养成分其变化幅度各有所不同,全钾含量基本无变化.试验结果同时显示,所有速效养分要比全价养分的变化幅度大,表层(0～10 cm)土壤养分受退化影响程度要比深层土壤大.     

Characterization of propargyl bromide transformation in soil

Propargyl bromide is being investigated for its potential as a soil fumigant. Characterization of the fate of propargyl bromide in soil is important in determining both efficacy and the threat of environmental contamination. These experiments investigated some of the factors affecting the rate of propargyl bromide degradation in soil and quantified some of the products formed as a result of propargyl bromide degradation in four soils of differing composition and at three initial propargyl bromide concentrations. In all soils at all initial propargyl bromide concentrations, equimolar formation of Br- was observed during propargyl bromide degradation, but little propargyl alcohol (product of hydrolysis) was formed. The apparent first-order degradation coefficient (k) increased with decreasing initial propargyl bromide concentration in all soils, but the mass degraded per unit time increased with increasing propargyl bromide concentration. The rate of propargyl bromide degradation increased with increasing soil organic matter content, and the k value was correlated to the organic carbon content of the soil (correlation coefficient > 0.97 for all concentrations). Repeated application of propargyl bromide did not increase the rate of propargyl bromide degradation in soil. Addition of Br- did not affect the rate of propargyl bromide transformation in soil, so accumulation of Br- in the soil is not expected to impede propargyl bromide degradation.     

Spatial variability in herbicide degradation in the subsurface environment of a groundwater protection zone

The aim of this study was to investigate the spatial variability in degradation and mineralization of atrazine and isoproturon in subsurface samples taken from sandy loam soils overlying gravel terraces which form part of a groundwater protection zone. Percussion drilling was used to obtain samples from 11 boreholes (maximum depth 3 m). Unlabelled atrazine or isoproturon, and ring-14C-labelled atrazine or isoproturon were added to samples, incubated at 25 degrees C for up to 16 weeks, and analyzed for the residual herbicide or [14C]carbon dioxide. All samples showed the potential to degrade these herbicides, although the percentage degradation decreased by a factor of 2-3 from the surface soil to a depth of 3 m. This was associated with a decrease in organic matter content, but there was no change in the potential to mineralize acetate, indicating that specific changes in the catabolic ability of the microbial population occurred with depth. The capacity of samples to mineralize atrazine and isoproturon to carbon dioxide decreased markedly with depth, with no mineralization potential observed at a depth of 80 cm.     

Ultrastructural and cytochemical investigations of pathogen development and host reactions in susceptible and partially-resistant carrot roots infected by Pythium violae, the major causal agent for cavity spot

Two carrot genotypes, cultivar Nanco and line 24, susceptible and partially- resistant respectively to cavity spot, were compared ultrastructurally and cytochemically 24 h, 48 h and 72 h after root inoculation with a virulent Pythium violae isolate. The extent of pathogen ingress and the response of the host differed markedly with the two genotypes. In cv Nanco, growth of fungal hyphae was predominantly intracellular and was accompanied by pronounced damage; by 48 h after inoculation, pericycle and the first cell layers of the phloem parenchyma were invaded, resulting in host wall dissolution and cytoplasm aggregation. The growth of P. violae in line 24 was limited to the pericycle, even up to 72 h after inoculation; fungal colonization was accompanied by retraction of cytoplasm and in the appearance of granular or fibrillar material in the host cell lumen. Some affected host cells were filled with structureless osmophilic material. In cultivar Nanco, invading fungal hyphae were unaffected; by contrast in line 24, the cytoplasm of invading hyphae, particularly those inside the cell host, was disorganised and structureless. Infection and host response in the two cultivars were studied with two specific labels: Aplysia gonad lectin (AGL), a polygalacturonic acid-binding lectin, and an exoglucanase complexed to colloidal gold were used to locate pectin and cellulosic -(1,4)-glucans respectively in infected tissues. The decrease of cytochemical labeling beyong fungal penetration showed clearly hydrolysis of pectin and cellulose in cell walls of the cv Nanco. By contrast, the cell wall of line 24 remained largely intact, although, unlabeled amorphous and electron-dense material was observed inside the wall. Fibrillar or electron dense material commonly observed in infected tissue of line 24 apparently did not contain pectic or cellulosic substances. Moreover, material observed in host cells or fungal hyphae was also free of labeling. The origin and the chemical composition of these compounds as well as their possible role in the defence mechanisms of carrot against P. violae are discussed.     

稻田上覆水中光致活性组分形成过程及其环境效应研究进展

稻田上覆水中富含有机质、亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐等光敏活性物质,在太阳光作用下会产生三重激发态有机质(3CDOM*)、单线态氧(1O2)和羟基自由基(?OH)等活性组分,其对稻田污染物转化和碳氮等元素循环具有重要意义。基于此,综述了稻田上覆水中光致活性组分产生过程和机制,重点介绍了水稻不同生长周期内光活性组分的类型、通量变化趋势;探讨了不同环境因素对自由基产生的影响;阐述了上覆水光致活性组分对稻田中砷和不同有机污染物的非生物转化贡献与机制,并展望了稻田上覆水光化学过程的未来研究方向。     

二噁英微生物降解的研究进展

二口恶英属于全球性污染物,其毒性大、稳定性强,难于代谢降解,微生物降解是清除污染区域二口恶英的主要技术,本文在对降解菌的筛选、目前筛选出的主要菌株、降解机理研究等方面作了简要论述,并提出了今后研究的方向和重点。     

我国北方地区奶牛常用饲料蛋白质组分及其降解规律的研究

本试验研究以NRC(2001)奶牛营养需要(第7版)采用的对粗蛋白质组分的分析方法为基础,对奶牛养殖中常用的部分饲料原料进行取样分析,利用尼龙袋法测定出这些常用饲料原料的各种蛋白质组分(A、B、C)和B组分的降解速率。结果表明,粗饲料的粗蛋白质中A组分和C组分的比例较高,A组分变异较大;B组分的比例相对较小,在瘤胃中的降解速率较低。精料的粗蛋白质中B组分的含量较高,而C组分的含量较低。因而,精料是反刍动物瘤胃降解蛋白质(RDP)和瘤胃非降解蛋白质(RUP)的主要来源。     

松嫩平原湿地生态环境退化机制探讨

随着人类活动对生态环境干扰的增强 ,生态环境的退化日益加剧。为避免人类活动的盲目性 ,有必要深入分析和研究生态环境的退化机制。本文界定了生态环境脆弱性的概念 ,探讨了松嫩平原湿地生态环境脆弱性的成因和湿地生态环境退化的机制 ,指出湿地退化的前提是湿地生态环境存在脆弱性 ,干扰因素是人类活动。研究结果可为人类活动提供指导 ,减少盲动性 ,以利于合理开发、利用湿地资源和保护湿地生态环境。     

青藏高原高寒草地的退化及其恢复

述评了青藏高原高寒草地的退化及其恢复治理。青藏高原高寒草地是世界著名的放牧生态系统之一,严重的草地退化正在危及着高原的生态环境,三分之一的高原草地已经退化。"黑土滩"退化草地,作为高原上严重退化草地的一种特殊形式,已经从上世纪80年代的396.57×104公顷增加到90年代的703.19×104公顷。然而,迄今为止青藏高原高寒草地的退化趋势仍然没有改变。研究表明高寒草地的退化是一种连续的过程,遵循如下的次序:未退化草地-轻度退化草地-中度退化草地-重度退化草地。高寒草地退化的原因包括人为和自然因素的影响。人为因素包括季节性过度放牧、盲目开垦草地、采矿、道路建设、开矿采金等等。自然因素包括气候变暖变干、鼠虫害影响、风和水的侵蚀、草皮层冻融等等。需要强调的是在许多高原地区过度放牧总是草地退化的主要原因。面临着这个严峻的形势,许多科学家和当地政府从20世纪80年代起充分重视退化草地恢复,以达到保护天然牧场和生态环境的目的。基于恢复生态学的原理,针对退化草地的恢复,一些有效的实践及综合治理的对策已经在青藏高原得到发展。退化草地恢复的实践包括围栏封育、松耙、补播、施肥、草皮移植、啮齿类动物及杂草的控制、选择和筛选优良牧草、建植人工半人工草地、优化家畜结构等等。基于这些实践,退化草地的综合恢复,人工草地建植及持续利用在青藏高原高寒草地分布区应进一步加强。