Assessment of the response of carrot somaclones to Pythium violae, causal agent of cavity spot

Cavity spot is a major disease of carrots, causing cavities on the surface of the root. Available commercial varieties show a range of susceptibility but no significant resistance. Seed progeny from 46 tissue culture-derived carrot ( Daucus carota ) somaclones were screened for viability, then 19 selected somaclone families were sown under glasshouse conditions, along with commercial cultivars (Bertan, Nandor, Bolero and Vita Longa) as controls. Mature roots were exposed to Pythium violae in a cavity spot bioassay to determine their response as measured by disease incidence and severity. Some somaclones formed fewer lesions than the least susceptible control cultivar, Vita Longa. Seven somaclonal families that showed a range of susceptibility were sown under field conditions and the assessment was repeated. Although there was little relationship between glasshouse and field-trial results, under field conditions one of the somaclones had a mean incidence of disease, as estimated by transformed data, of 1·9 compared with 37·9 for the most susceptible somaclone and 3·5 for Bolero, the most resistant commercial cultivar. The results indicated that significant genetic variation in susceptibility to cavity spot disease was present in the somaclones.     

Phylogenetic analysis based on ITS sequences and conditions affecting the type of conidial germination of Bipolaris oryzae

One taxonomic characteristic of Bipolaris species is the bipolar germination of conidia, but conidia of Bipolaris oryzae , the causal pathogen of brown spot in rice, are regularly observed to show intercalary germination, a characteristic of Drechslera species. The effect of selection, culture media and culture age on type of conidial germination was determined for three brown spot isolates from Cavinti, San Pablo and Palawan in the Philippines, obtained from infected leaves showing typical disease symptoms. Based on the analyses of their ITS1, ITS2 and 5·8S rDNA nucleotide sequences, the local isolates were clearly identified as B. oryzae . Selection for colonies of the three isolates derived from single conidia with either bipolar or intercalary germination had no effect on the number of spores showing bipolar germination in subsequent cultures. Germination on seven different culture media was tested; of these, rabbit food agar and water agar increased the percentage of bipolar germination of conidia, although this varied between isolates. Incubation of the cultures of all three isolates for longer periods prior to harvesting conidia increased the percentage of bipolar-germinating conidia from c . 40 to c . 90% with 5-day-old and 30-day-old cultures, respectively.     

Anthracnose of centipede grass caused by Colletotrichum caudatum

Anthracnose disease was found on centipede grass [Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro) Hack.] planted as a ground cover on paddy field levees in Shiga Prefecture in 2004. The symptoms were ear blight, stalk blight, and leaf spots. The causal fungus was morphologically identified as Colletotrichum caudatum (Sacc.) Peck. This is the first report of centipede grass anthracnose caused by C. caudatum.     

条斑型玉米圆斑病病原鉴定及其生物学特性研究

 本研究通过致病性测定、形态学和分子生物学鉴定方法,首次明确陕西省发生的玉米条斑型叶斑病是玉米圆斑病的一种症状类型,由玉米生离蠕孢(Bipolaris zeicola)3号生理小种引起。供试品种豫玉22、农大108、农大3138、东单7号、沈单10号、沈单16号、户单4号、新陕资1号、高农1号和陕单9号都对3号生理小种表现感病,品种间抗病性差异不显著。此菌在PDA、PSA、OMA、CMA、WA和Czapek上均可生长,最适生长培养基为PDA。菌落生长温度为5~35℃,最适菌落生长温度为25℃。分生孢子在5~40℃均可萌发,低于5℃高于40℃萌发率极低,萌发的最适温度为28℃。孢子在pH 3~11均可萌发,萌发最适pH为5。在自来水中分生孢子可以萌发,蔗糖和葡萄糖溶液可以明显促进孢子萌发。     

美国白蛾生物学上的几个重要特性

本文对青岛市美国白蛾Hyphandria cunez种群的几个重要生物学特性进行了调查，获得了如下有意义的结果。（1）在生态光周期范围内，该虫显示了一个典型的长日照型昆虫，临界日长为14h 30min。然而在全光条件下，有41.2％的个体滞育；在全暗条件下则有83．7％的个体发育。（2）第1代蛹在自然条件下羽化的结果表明，部分个体的蛹期显著延长，呈现了夏季滞育。（3）滞育蛹置于25℃，LD16：8下滞育能够解除，但死亡率极高。（4）雄虫前翅黑斑的出现是由光周期控制的，只有在短日照下诱导的滞育蛹，滞育解除后羽化出来的雄虫才会出现黑斑。     

进境美国苹果果实中黑斑病病原的初步鉴定

从美国进境苹果中截获的链格孢Alternaria sp．，经分离纯化后，得到菌株（MP1），通过观察其产孢表型、孢子的形态特征以及接种试验后的病果症状，初步确定为苹果黑斑病菌Alternaria mali Roberts。     

低频电流处理种子防治玉米小斑病研究

玉米小斑病(Bipolarismaydis)是玉米上的1种重要病害,近年来发生愈来愈重。2002～2005年参照电处理种子具有刺激作物生长、增强抗逆力、提高产量的原理,引用作为防治玉米小斑病的措施之一,进行了试验研究。结果表明,低频电流处理种子有促进生长、抑制病情发展、提高产量的作用。     

梨组织中苹果褪绿叶斑病毒的原位RT-PCR检测

 为了建立梨树苹果褪绿叶斑病毒原位RT-PCR检测技术, 用已知带有苹果褪绿叶斑病毒的库尔勒香梨和无病毒实生苗叶片为材料, 利用D IG标记, 研究了香梨病毒的叶片石蜡切片IS-RT-PCR检测技术。包括AMV逆转录酶、dNTPs、RNasin及互补引物浓度对cDNA合成的影响, 退火温度、Taq DNA聚合酶、Mg²⁺ 、引物浓度及循环次数对原位PCR效果的影响。结果表明: RNasin的用量大于0.2 U·μL^-1时,信号强度随着RNasin量的加大而增强; 只有当dNTPs浓度达1.0 mmol·L^-1时才能生成一定量的cDNA;AMV浓度在0.3～0.5 U·μL^-1均可进行正常的逆转录, 而且在该范围内产物的量随AMV浓度提高而增多; 引物浓度达到0.9μmol·L^-1以上时才能进行有效的逆转录, 并且生成的cDNA的量随引物浓度增大而增加。原位扩增ACLSV的cDNA适合退火温度为56℃。循环20～30次可出现较强的蓝色信号, 引物浓度在0.8～1.2μmol·L^-1时显色较好; Taq酶浓度为20 U·mL^-1以上, 均显示较深的蓝色; Mg^{2 +}浓度为1.5mmol·L^-1就可满足原位PCR所需。获得了苹果褪绿叶斑病毒的原位PCR优化检测体系, 利用建立的优化程序对香梨样品进行了检测验证, 取得了很好效果。     

万寿菊细菌性叶斑病药剂防治试验

通过室内抑菌筛选和田间小区及生产试验,从当前防治细菌性病害的药剂中,筛选出对万寿菊细菌性叶斑病防治效果较好的3种药剂及最佳使用浓度:90%新植霉素150mg/L,细菌清200 mg/L和72%农用链霉素150 mg/L,其防效分别为73.6%,72.7%和70.7%,且药效稳定,增产效果显著.     

Aloe ring spot,a new disease of aloe caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Haematonectria haematococca</Emphasis> (Berk. &; Broome) Samuels &; Nirenberg (anamorph: <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusarium</Emphasis> sp.)

A ring spot disease of Aloe vera was found on leaves of potted seedlings of Aloe vera in Hachijojima and Chichijima Islands, Tokyo. From tissue of ring spot lesions, a fungus producing Fusarium-type conidia was consistently isolated. After 1 month, reddish perithecia of nectriaceous fungus had formed on the colonies of this isolate on PDA. These nectriaceous and Fusarium fungi were identified as Haematonectria haematococca and Fusarium sp., respectively. From a single ascospore isolation, the former was confirmed to be the teleomorph of the Fusarium sp. Typical ring spot lesions were reproduced by artificial inoculations using single ascospore and single conidium isolates. Inoculations of five species of genus Aloe revealed that they were highly susceptible except for A. arborescens. This is the first report of a disease on Aloe caused by H. haematococca (anamorph: Fusarium sp.) in Japan, and it was named aloe ring spot.