Investigation of Interspecies Interactions within Marine Micromonosporaceae Using an Improved Co-Culture Approach

With respect to bacterial natural products, a significant outcome of the genomic era was that the biosynthetic potential in many microorganisms surpassed the number of compounds isolated under standard laboratory growth conditions, particularly among certain members in the phylum Actinobacteria. Our group, as well as others, investigated interspecies interactions, via co-culture, as a technique to coax bacteria to produce novel natural products. While co-culture provides new opportunities, challenges exist and questions surrounding these methods remain unanswered. In marine bacteria, for example, how prevalent are interspecies interactions and how commonly do interactions result in novel natural products? In an attempt to begin to answer basic questions surrounding co-culture of marine microorganisms, we have tested both antibiotic activity-based and LC/MS-based methods to evaluate Micromonosporaceae secondary metabolite production in co-culture. Overall, our investigation of 65 Micromonosporaceae led to the identification of 12 Micromonosporaceae across three genera that produced unique metabolites in co-culture. Our results suggest that interspecies interactions were prevalent between marine Micromonosporaceae and marine mycolic acid-containing bacteria. Furthermore, our approach highlights a sensitive and rapid method for investigating interspecies interactions in search of novel antibiotics, secondary metabolites, and genes.     

SPI凝胶颗粒制备及其Pickering高内相乳液特性研究

制备了大豆分离蛋白（Soy protein isolate，SPI）凝胶颗粒，并使用该颗粒制备了稳定的Pickering高内相乳液。通过粒径和ζ 电位测定、冷冻扫描电镜和光学显微镜观察以及外观分析，以流变特性为指标，对SPI凝胶颗粒和Pickering高内相乳液特性进行研究。结果表明，SPI凝胶颗粒的粒径和ζ 电位随pH值的变化而变化，当SPI凝胶颗粒pH值为4.0～5.0时，临近SPI等电点，ζ 电位的绝对值最小，此时凝胶颗粒相互聚集，不能成功制备稳定的高内相乳液。在pH值为 9.0时，大豆分离蛋白凝胶颗粒紧密结合在一起，呈凝胶网络状结构。在碱性条件下，蛋白质质量分数为1.00%、内相体积分数为78%～82%时，可以制备稳定的Pickering高内相乳液。通过增加内相体积分数，使大豆分离蛋白凝胶颗粒稳定的Pickering乳液体系分布更加均匀，不易发生聚集，形成更加致密稳定的多孔结构，且具有更强的弹性凝胶乳液特性。     

固相萃取-亲水作用色谱法测定香菇中硫杂脯氨酸

通过对色谱条件和样品前处理方法进行优化,建立固相萃取—亲水作用色谱法测定香菇(Lentinula edodes)中硫杂脯氨酸的检测方法。优化后的色谱条件为：Inertsil HILIC 亲水作用色谱柱(4.6×250 mm,5μm)对样品进行分离测定,流动相采用乙腈-0.1%磷酸水(85∶15,v/v)等度洗脱,流速0.8 mL/min,检测波长193 nm,柱温30℃。前处理方法为：香菇样品采用甲醇-水(70∶30,v/v)提取,MAX阴离子固相萃取小柱进行净化处理,甲醇-1.0%甲酸(90∶10,v/v)作为洗脱剂对目标物进行洗脱。检测结果表明,硫杂脯氨酸在2~100μg/mL范围内呈良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.9998,加标回收率为96.3%~101.7%,相对标准偏差在1.3%~4.8%之间,检出限为0.76μg/g,定量限为2.31μg/g。该方法回收率高、简单、快速、无需衍生化,适用于香菇子实体硫杂脯氨酸的定量检测分析。     

王家沟小流域50a土地利用动态变化分析

以经过50多a水土保持综合治理的王家沟小流域为研究对象,利用其1959—2008年土地利用数据,对该流域土地利用动态变化进行分析。结果表明,调整土地利用结构是王家沟小流域水土保持综合治理的一项关键性措施。     

The transition time from the juvenile phase to the adult phase differs in soybean cultivars ‘Enrei’ and ‘Peking’

Plants develop juvenile phase to adult phase in vegetative stage. Although soybean is a very important crop worldwide, there has been only one study of the juvenile–adult phase change. In this study, we determined that the juvenile–adult phase change occurred at different stages in two soybean cultivars that differ in their photosensitivity. Cultivar ‘Enrei’ (E1e2e3E4) is weakly photosensitive and cultivar ‘Peking’ (E1E2E3E4) is strongly photosensitive. In ‘Enrei’, the leaf size gradually increased at a constant leaf position regardless of the difference in day length. In ‘Peking’ plants transferred to short‐day conditions at several leaf development stages, leaf size gradually increased at different leaf positions. Expression of miR156 by ‘Enrei’ transferred to short‐day conditions had nearly the same pattern as that of ‘Enrei’ grown under long‐day conditions. In ‘Peking’, the expression of miR156 had different patterns in younger leaves of plants subjected to either a short‐day treatment or long‐day conditions. These results indicate that the E2 and E3 loci that regulate photosensitivity also regulate the expression of miR156 and the juvenile–adult phase change in soybean.     

不同补水方式下砂壤土渗滤系统对硝态氮去除效果

在水资源短缺的北京地区利用再生水回补城市河湖,一方面对于水资源的可持续利用有着十分重要的作用,另一方面也可能带来地下水环境的潜在污染风险.该文采用100 cm砂壤土柱模拟(河湖岸底)土地渗滤系统,设置定水头淹水、交替淹水落干、定流速补水和侧向补水4种不同再生水回补方式,研究再生水中硝态氮(NO3-N)在土地渗滤系统中的去除效果和迁移转化规律.结果表明,当水力负荷在0.25~2.65 cm/d范围内时,渗滤系统对NO3-N的去除率随着水力负荷的增大而减小;侧向补水方式下渗滤系统对NO3-N的去除效果最优,平均去除率高达96.1%.在定水头淹水和侧向补水方式下,系统对NO3-N的去除主要发生在土柱的上部,而交替淹水落干和定流速补水条件下,土柱中下部对NO3-N也有一定的去除作用.渗滤系统对NO3-N的去除主要取决于系统内部微生物的分布情况,土层中的反硝化细菌数量越大,该土层对NO3-N的去除率就越高.当水温在15~32℃范围内变化时,定水头淹水和交替淹水落干补水方式下,系统对NO3-N的去除率与温度分别呈指数和幂函数关系.该研究表明土地渗滤系统可实现再生水的进一步净化处理,可为再生水安全回补河湖提供参考.     

拮抗菌JKJ-23菌株诱导香蕉抵抗枯萎病机理的初探

摘要：以巴西蕉盆栽苗为试材，通过接种病原菌和灌根拮抗菌菌悬液等4个处理，探索不同的处理下香蕉苗防御酶活性、叶绿素含量及根系活力的差异，从而探究生防菌抗病机理。结果表明：JKJ-23菌悬液处理香蕉苗CAT、PPO、SOD、POD活性明显提高，各处理最大峰值分别是对应时间对照的3.72、2.03、1.72、2.61倍；JKJ-23菌悬液能够很好的抑制病原菌对香蕉苗叶绿素的破坏；无论有无病原菌的存在，JKJ-23拮抗菌菌悬液能够明显地提高香蕉苗根系活力。     

Effects of burning on soil macrofauna in a savanna-woodland under different experimental fuel load treatments

In West African savanna-woodland, the use of prescribed burning as a management tool has ecological implications for the soil biota. Yet, the effects of fire on soil inhabiting organisms are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to examine the responses of soil macro-invertebrates to early fires in a Sudanian savanna-woodland on a set of experimental plots subject to different fuel load treatments. The abundance of major macro-invertebrate taxa and functional groups, and taxon richness were quantified in soil cores collected from three different soil layers before and immediately after burning. The results indicated that, overall, there was substantial spatial and temporal variation in the composition of macro-invertebrate assemblages. The immediate effects of fire were to reduce total invertebrate numbers and numbers of many invertebrate groups dramatically. This is probably due to the fact that many of the surface-dwelling macrofauna perished as a result of less favorable microclimate due to fire, diminished resources, or migrate to safer environments. Fuel load treatment did not affect the community taxonomic richness or abundance of the soil-dwelling fauna. Furthermore, annual changes in community composition were more pronounced at the burnt site than in the control. This could be related to the inter-annual difference in precipitation pattern recorded during the two-year study period at our site. Since soil macrofauna population declines in fire-disturbed areas, increasing fire prevalence may jeopardize the long-term conservation of fire sensitive macrofauna groups. Special fire management attention is therefore recommended with due consideration to the type of burning and fuel properties to avoid the detrimental effects of intense fire affecting the resilience of savanna soil macrofauna species.     

《梅山续稿》中食(药)用菌意象解读

南宋诗人姜特立所著的《梅山续稿》是一本内容丰富的诗文集。与大多数诗人不同的是姜特立在诗中塑造了独特的食(药)用菌意象。"意象"塑造是中国古典诗歌独特的审美追求。通过对诗中"意象"的解读,可以准确把握诗人创作倾向,思想所指和情感蕴含。选择《香菌诗》、《子陵瀬》、《人送岩桂之二》、《感物》4首具有代表性的诗歌进行研究和分析,对诗中食(药)用菌意象进行解读。探讨诗中的意象内蕴,挖掘诗歌的深刻内涵,以丰富我车优秀的诗歌文化。     

川北地形过渡带地形因子对土地利用与景观格局变化的影响

[目的]基于地形特征分析不同用地类型时空分布变化,不仅能解释土地利用时空变化规律,并能更进一步为优化土地利用结果,生态环境保护奠定基础。[方法]基于四川省北部江油市2003,2010,2018年3期遥感影像,运用土地利用转移矩阵法,分析不同用地类型之间的转化情况;接着利用地形位指数法、分布指数法,分析地形因子影响下不同用地类型分布指数变化特征;之后利用移动窗口法,探究景观格局中斑块密度与Shannon多样性指数时空变化规律;最后结合双变量空间相关性分析,分析地形因子与景观指数间的空间相关性特征。[结果](1)在2003—2010年期间,水田面积减少最多(减少面积2 238.98 hm~2),建设用地面积增加最多(面积增加3 360.36 hm~2);在2010—2018年期间,水田面积减少1 175.84 hm~2,建设用地面积增加1 614.78 hm~2;2003—2010年期间江油市土地利用的变化量整体高于2010—2018年。(2)北部山区主要由旱地转移为林草地,南部平原地区主要为水田转移为建设用地,中部丘陵区域旱地和水田相互转化强烈。(3)随时间变化,旱地和未利用地优势等级向中地形位等级靠拢;低地形位等级上建设用地、水田和水域优势度逐渐降低,并具有优势等级向较高地形位等级扩展趋势。(4)山区河流沿岸以及山地平原交汇处斑块密度与Shannon多样性指数较高,且呈线性分布;随时间变化,丘陵区域斑块密度增加,主城区附近Shannon多样性指数呈下降趋势。(5)高—高聚集区主要表现为向山地丘陵交汇处聚集;城区附近景观指数因受其他因素影响较多,导致该区域景观指数与地形位指数呈现出不显著相关性。[结论]在地形过渡带区域,不同地貌对于各类用地变化的影响在时空上存在差异性,其地形因子与景观指数的空间相关性差异明显。