Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

pagP基因缺失对禽致病性大肠埃希菌外膜特性的影响

【目的】研究pagP基因缺失对禽致病性大肠埃希菌(Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli,APEC)外膜特性的影响。【方法】采用最低抑菌浓度(MIC)试验探索pagP基因缺失对菌株生物被膜通透性的影响;通过菌体自聚合试验、外膜疏水性试验以及生物被膜形成条件,分析pagP基因缺失对生物被膜形成能力的影响,并在扫描电镜下观察细菌生物被膜形态。【结果】pagP基因缺失后,菌株MIC降低,菌株的外膜通透性增强且菌体自聚合能力显著增强(P0.01),其中红霉素和氨苄西林的MIC分别为7和20μg/mL,菌株自聚合能力为87.89%;pagP基因缺失对菌株外膜疏水性无显著影响,疏水性仅为5.337%;随着细菌在LB培养基中静置培养时间的延长,生物被膜形成量增多;pagP基因缺失株的生物被膜形成能力高于野生株。【结论】pagP基因缺失可使APEC外膜特性发生改变,生物被膜形成能力增强。     

SMAD1基因的沉默和过表达及对秦川牛原代成肌细胞生肌的影响

【目的】为了探索秦川牛（Bos taurus）SMAD1基因在成肌细胞分化过程中的分子作用机制,通过研究沉默、过表达该基因后对牛原代成肌细胞分化及成肌相关基因表达量的影响,以期为BMP信号通路在牛肌肉组织生长发育过程中的作用机制提供理论依据。【方法】根据Genbank牛SMAD1（NM_001077107.2）已知序列设计并合成靶向沉默SMAD1基因的干扰序列siSMAD1和阴性对照siRNA-NC。以秦川牛原代成肌细胞cDNA为模板,利用PCR技术克隆获得SMAD1基因CDS序列,构建腺病毒过表达穿梭载体pDC316-mCMV-EGFP-bSMAD1。将腺病毒基因组质粒和腺病毒载体穿梭质粒共转染到HEK 293细胞中,通过Cre-loxp重组酶获得重组腺病毒。获得的携带目的基因的腺病毒标记为AD-bSMAD1,重组质粒pDC316-EGFP标记为AD-NC,用做对照组病毒,利用LaSRT法测定腺病毒的滴度。将获得的干扰序列siSMAD1和过表达腺病毒AD-bSMAD1分别侵染秦川牛原代成肌细胞,采用实时荧光定量PCR检测SMAD1基因和成肌标志基因MyoD、Myf5、MyoG的mRNA水平,并观察对细胞分化融合情况的影响。【结果】成功获得了1条能有效沉默SMAD1基因siRNA,将其转染秦川牛原代成肌细胞后进行人工诱导分化,相比对照组,SMAD1基因分别下调了75.4%（诱导1d,P<0.01）、66.7%（诱导3d,P<0.01）、60.0%（诱导6d,P<0.01）、54.7%（诱导9d,P<0.01）。此外,还成功构建了秦川牛SMAD1基因的腺病毒过表达穿梭载体,获得了滴度为1×10 ¹⁰pfu/mL的过表达重组腺病毒AD-bSMAD1。与对照组相比,高滴度过表达病毒AD-bSMAD1侵染秦川牛原代成肌细胞0、1、3、6、9d后,与对照组相比,SMAD1基因的表达水平分别上调了2.10倍（诱导1d）、3.19倍（诱导3d）、105.3倍（诱导3d）,P<0.01）和144倍（诱导9d,P<0.01）;结合肌管形成过程的变化和实时荧光定量结果证明,SMAD1基因促进原代成肌细胞分化和肌管形成,并显著上调成肌标志基因MyoD、Myf5、MyoG的表达。 【结论】获得了能有效沉默秦川牛原代成肌细胞SMAD1表达的特异性的干扰序列siSMAD1,以及可成功实现过表达SMAD1基因的腺病毒介导的体外表达载体,可正向调控成肌细胞的分化和肌管形成过程。     

禽腺病毒流行株FAdV-4-AH-F41的分子特征及对细胞因子的诱导作用

【目的】分析1株血清4型禽腺病毒（FAdV-4）流行株的分子特征及其感染对细胞因子的影响。【方法】采集安徽省某禽类养殖场疑似心包积水 肝炎综合症的鸡肝脏组织样本,用鸡肝癌细胞（LMH）对病原进行分离,采用PCR、透射电镜（TEM）观察和间接免疫荧光试验（IFA）对分离的毒株进行鉴定。采用分段扩增后拼接的方法克隆分离毒株的全基因组,对其进行遗传进化分析和序列重组分析。基于柯赫法则,用分离毒株接种无特定病原体（SPF）鸡,检验其致病性。采用实时荧光定量PCR法,检测分离毒株对LMH细胞天然免疫相关细胞因子环鸟苷酸-腺苷酸（cGAS）、干扰素刺激因子（STING）、白介素-1β（IL-1β）、IL-6、IL-8、干扰素-α（IFN-α）、IFN-β、干扰素调节因子7（IRF7）、线粒体抗病毒信号蛋白（MAVS）、主要组织相容性复合体（MHC）Ⅰ-α、MHCⅡ-β等11种细胞因子的诱导作用。【结果】分离鉴定到1株FAdV,其在LMH细胞中培养未出现明显细胞病变效应;病毒粒子直径为70~90 nm,符合FAdV-4的结构特征;免疫荧光试验结果显示,在接种分离毒株的LMH细胞内可观察到亮红色荧光,而对照细胞没有荧光;将该毒株命名为FAdV-4-AH-F41。采用分段扩增后拼接的策略获得了FAdV-4-AH-F41全基因组序列（43 708 bp）;遗传进化分析和序列重组分析发现,FAdV-4-AH-F41与FAdV-4株核苷酸相似性为99.6%;存在3个重组事件,第1个重组事件发生在30 453-30 674 bp,第2个发生在36 884-36 988 bp,第3个发生在43 401-43 715 bp。致病性试验显示,FAdV-4-AH-F41是导致鸡心包积水-肝炎综合症的病原。实时荧光定量PCR检测结果显示,与对照（DMEM/F12处理）相比,用FAdV-4-AH-F41处理后LMH细胞中11种免疫因子的表达量水平均有提升,其中cGAS、IL-6、IRF7、MHCⅡ β差异达极显著水平（P<0.01）,IL-1β、IFN-α、MAVS差异达显著水平（P<0.05）,STING、IL-8、IFN-β、MHCⅠ-α差异不显著。【结论】成功分离1株重组血清4型禽腺病毒,感染LMH细胞会诱导强烈的天然免疫反应。     

河南省肉鸡4株禽传染性支气管炎病毒的分离鉴定及S1基因序列分析

通过病料接种SPF鸡胚和鸡胚尿囊液的RT-PCR鉴定,于2017至2018年从河南省不同发病鸡场分离到4株鸡传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV),分别命名为HB/L1/201711、ZMD/L2/201704、SQ/L3/201803、LY/L4/201710,并对4株毒株S1基因进行克隆和序列分析。结果:HB/L1/201711、SQ/L3/201803 S1基因全长1 620 nt,编码540 aa,其裂解位点分别为HRRRR,分属于基因型V、Ⅰ分支;ZMD/L2/201704、LY/L4/201710株S1基因全长1 617 nt,编码539 aa,其裂解位点为RRSRR,属于基因型Ⅱ分支。ZMD/L2/201704与LY/L4/201710分离株核苷酸序列及其推导的氨基酸序列同源性较高,分别为97.6%、95.4%,与另外2株分离株之间核苷酸序列同源性为76.5%、76.8%。4株分离株与国内外参考毒株及疫苗株的氨基酸序列同源性在58.5%~98%之间,具有较大的差异性。其中:ZMD/L2/201704、LY/L4/201710与491型传支疫苗氨基酸同源性较高,可达95.4%、95.9%;SQ/L3/201803与CHI分支参考毒株氨基酸同源性在94.6%~98.9%之间;HB/L1/201711与TWⅠ型毒株2575/98、3468/07有较高同源性,分别为94.8%和93.5%。本研究表明河南省肉鸡鸡群鸡传染性支气管炎病毒基因型相对复杂,推测存在重组与突变。     

Development of a reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay to detect avian influenza viruses in clinical specimens

In recent years, the avian influenza has brought not only serious economic loss to the poultry industry in China but also a serious threat to human health because of the avian influenza virus(AIV) gene recombination and reassortment. Until now, traditional RT-PCR, fluorescence RT-PCR and virus isolation identification have been developed and utilized to detect AIV, but these methods require high-level instruments and experimental conditions, not suitable for the rapid detection in field and farms. In order to develop a rapid, sensitive and practical method to detect and identify AIV subtypes, 4 specific primers to the conserved region of AIV M gene were designed and a loop-mediated isothermal amplification(RT-LAMP) method was established. Using this method, the M gene of H1–H16 subtypes of AIV were amplified in 30 min with a water bath and all 16 H subtypes of AIV were able to be visually identified in presence of fluorescein, without cross reaction with other susceptible avian viruses. In addition, the detection limit of the common H1, H5, H7, and H9 AIV subtypes with the RT-LAMP method was 0.1 PFU(plaque-forming unit), which was 10 times more sensitive than that using the routine RT-PCR. Further comparative tests found that the positivity rate of RT-LAMP on detecting clinical samples was 4.18%(14/335) comparing with 3.58%(12/335) from real-time RT-PCR. All these results suggested that the RT-LAMP method can specifically detect and identify AIV with high sensitivity and can be considered as a fast, convenient and practical method for the clinic test and epidemiological investigation of AIV.     

血清1和3型多杀性巴氏杆菌铁调控外膜蛋白共同抗原的初步分析

用普通BHI和缺铁BHI培养基培养禽多杀性巴氏杆菌C48-19（血清1型）、P1059株（血清3型）,提取外膜蛋白（OMPs）,SDS-PAGE电泳比较不同培养条件下两株细菌的外膜蛋白,发现缺铁培养时2株细菌均增加了87、81、79、64、60．5ku铁调控外膜蛋白（IROMPs）。以C48-19株攻毒后耐过的鸡血清作为抗体进行免疫印迹,检测到其中的87、79和60．5ku蛋白是2株细菌共同的、具有交叉免疫反应性的IROMPs,推测这3种蛋白可能是这2个菌株的共同抗原,并可能在C48-19感染的鸡体内特异表达;对鸡胚尿囊液中培养的C48-19株OMPs的SDS-PAGE电泳和免疫印迹试验,也观察到类似IROMPs的表达。这些IROMPs的发现为亚单位疫苗的研制提供了候选蛋白。     

A novel herpesvirus associated with chronic superficial keratitis and proliferative conjunctivitis in a great horned owl (Bubo virginianus)

An adult great‐horned owl (Bubo virginianus; GHOW) presented with a history of recurrent corneal ulceration of the right eye (OD). Findings included ulcerative superficial keratitis, proliferative conjunctivitis, and iris pigmentary changes. The ulcer was initially nonresponsive to medical therapy, but showed rapid and appropriate healing following diamond burr debridement. Proliferative conjunctivitis markedly improved following topical antiviral therapy with cidofovir 1%, interferon alpha 2B ophthalmic solutions, and oral l ‐lysine. Histopathologic evaluation of a conjunctival biopsy revealed epithelial features suspicious for viral cytopathic changes and intranuclear structures suspicious for viral inclusions, suggestive of a possible viral‐induced papillomatous conjunctivitis. A novel alphaherpesvirus, referred to as Strigid Herpesvirus 1 (StrHV1), was identified using PCR and gene sequencing. This case represents a new clinical manifestation of a previously unreported herpesvirus in the GHOW. Identification of the herpes virus was critical to administration of appropriate therapy and resolution of the conjunctivitis, and corneal epithelial debridement promoted resolution of the chronic corneal epithelial defect.     

猪腺病毒3型Protease蛋白在大肠杆菌中的表达及其抗体制备

试验旨在研究猪腺病毒3型（PADV3） Protease蛋白在大肠杆菌中的表达,并制备该蛋白的多克隆抗体。利用PCR扩增PADV3 Protease基因,构建重组原核表达载体pET28a-PADV3-Protease和真核表达载体pEGFP-PADV3-Protease,采用双酶切和测序鉴定;将原核表达载体pET28a-PADV3-Protease转化大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）感受态细胞得到重组原核表达菌株,经IPTG诱导收集蛋白,采用SDS-PAGE和Western blotting鉴定,将目的蛋白纯化后与佐剂乳化制备免疫原免疫家兔,制备Protease蛋白多克隆抗体;将真核表达载体pEGFP-PADV3-Protease转染HEK293细胞经G418筛选建立稳定表达EGFP-Protease融合蛋白的细胞系,以该稳定表达细胞系为包被抗原,采用免疫过氧化物酶单层细胞染色法（IPMA）检测抗体的免疫活性与抗体滴度。结果显示,Protease基因开放阅读框（ORF）为615 bp,原核表达系统中Protease蛋白以包涵体形式存在,分子质量大小为23 ku,与真核细胞表达的Protease蛋白分子质量一致,该蛋白在细胞核与细胞质中均有分布,制备的Protease蛋白多克隆抗体能与EGFP-Protease融合蛋白稳定表达真核细胞系发生特异性的反应,与对照细胞无反应。本试验构建了Protease蛋白原核表达菌株和真核表达细胞株,制备的PADV3-Protease蛋白多克隆抗体免疫活性良好,为进一步研究Protease蛋白的生物学功能和PADV3的血清学诊断提供了基础材料。