加拿大兽用抗菌药耐药性管理

文章全面介绍了加拿大兽用抗菌药耐药性的管理机构和管理措施,希望为中国兽药耐药性相关政策的制定和措施的实行提供一定的依据和参考。     

油茶炭疽病拮抗细菌Y13主要抑菌物质分离纯化及作用方式

油茶内生拮抗细菌Y13是一株对油茶炭疽病菌有较强抑制作用的枯草芽胞杆菌。为了确定其抑菌物质的成分组成及其对油茶炭疽病菌的作用方式,本文通过乙醇沉淀、固相萃取、反相高效液相色谱法及LC MS对抑菌物质进行分离鉴定。一共分离纯化出16个活性组分,保留时间在10.5~26.0 min的8个组分对于油茶炭疽病菌产生明显的抑菌圈,其中保留时间为11.0 min处的色谱峰抑菌效果最强,经质谱初步鉴定确定该化合物的分子量为1 042.56 u;保留时间在27.5~39.5 min的8个组分导致油茶炭疽病病原菌菌丝颜色加深,其中以保留时间37.5 min处的色谱峰效果最为明显,质谱鉴定该化合物的分子量为1 480.85 u。显微观察发现它们通过导致菌丝断裂、畸形、原生质凝集的方式抑制菌丝生长;通过使孢子畸形、膨大、消融而抑制孢子萌发。     

杜仲内生真菌中抗玉米纹枯病活性菌株的筛选

对杜仲植物中的内生真菌进行分离纯化, 共得到 32株菌株。以玉米纹枯病菌为指示菌, 对杜仲内生真菌进行对峙培养法、菌丝生长速率法以及盆栽控病试验等研究。研究结果显示, 内生真菌DZGS08对玉米纹枯病菌具有较好的拮抗作用, 抑菌带宽度大于10 mm; 其菌丝生长速率试验显示DZGS08的发酵液抑菌率达到50.44 %; 且玉米盆栽试验结果表明, 菌株DZGS08发酵液对玉米纹枯病的防治效果为34.03%。显微观察结果表明, 拮抗菌株DZGS08能造成病原菌菌丝扭曲、畸形等现象。随后, 对该菌株的ITS 序列进行测定分析, 序列分析和聚类结果表明该菌株为梭孢壳属( Thielavia )的真菌。     

新疆克拉玛依市猪源大肠杆菌耐药性调查

为调查新疆克拉玛依市白碱滩地区规模化猪场和养殖户家猪粪样中分离的大肠杆菌对临床常用抗菌药物的耐药情况。对该地区猪场及周边养殖户家猪粪样分离的大肠杆菌采用微量肉汤稀释法进行最小抑菌浓度测定。结果显示：采集的703份粪样中分离出大肠杆菌701株（包括规模化养殖场549株和养殖户152株）,分离的大肠杆菌对氨苄西林和阿莫西林/克拉维酸耐药率最高,达77.0%以上;对阿米卡星最敏感,耐药率也达11.1%;3耐以上的菌株占17.0%。该地区猪源大肠杆菌对常用抗菌药物耐药情况较为严重,须在临床治疗细菌性疾病中避开使用不敏感的抗菌药物。规模化养殖场分离的猪源大肠杆菌相比养殖户分离的猪源大肠杆菌对被检抗菌药物的耐药率低。     

茶多酚抑制腐败希瓦氏菌机理研究

研究评价了茶多酚对腐败希瓦氏菌（Shewanella putrefaciens）的抑菌和杀菌效果,并初步探讨了其抑菌机理。结果表明,茶多酚对腐败希瓦氏菌的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）和最小杀菌浓度（MBC）分别为1 mg·mL^-1和16 mg·mL^-1,2 mg·mL^-1茶多酚处理能显著抑制细菌的生长曲线,在25℃和4℃作用96 h和192 h希瓦氏菌分别下降了10⁵ CFU·mL^-1和10⁶ CFU·mL^-1,杀菌作用表现时间依赖性。茶多酚单体的杀菌能力大小分别为EGCG>ECG>EGC>EC。在茶多酚作用下,腐败希瓦氏菌胞外上清中Na⁺/K⁺-ATP酶和AKP酶活性显著上升,投射电镜（TEM）观察细菌出现了破损、变形等现象。可见,茶多酚能有效抑制腐败希瓦氏菌的生长,在低温长时间下仍表现出杀菌能力,其杀菌机制主要是引起细菌细胞壁和细胞外膜损伤,使胞内成分泄漏,导致细菌死亡。     

病原微生物药敏检测方法的研究进展

抗生素敏感试验在当前病原微生物耐药性持续增长的形势下,已成为指导临床科学合理用药不可或缺的重要环节。因此,药敏检测方法的完善与发展是快速获取科学、准确微生物耐药谱的前提,也是实现有效临床治疗的重要保障。本研究介绍了当前应用于微生物药物敏感检测的常规方法,如纸片扩散法、稀释法、Etest法等,简要分析了它们之间的优缺特性,并对近年来一些新兴发展的快速药敏检测方法进行了总结以及展望了不同类型药敏检测方法的发展和应用趋势。     

对虾育苗水体副溶血性弧菌耐药性分析

为了解广东、广西沿海2010-2012年对虾育苗水体中副溶血性弧菌的耐药性变化,为育苗期对虾病害预防提供依据.研究依据GB/T4789.7-2008对各地育苗水体样品进行菌株分离、鉴定,并用纸片法进行耐药性检测.结果显示,72株在TCBS培养基上显示绿色的弧菌中检出副溶血性弧菌30株,检出率为41.7％,分离菌株对青霉素、氨苄西林、苯唑青霉素、米诺环素、阿莫西林、四环素、阿洛西林显示高度耐药,对四环素的耐药率达97％.对虾育苗水体在TCBS培养基上显示绿色的弧菌主要以副溶血性弧菌为主,所有菌株耐药性比较强,应加强育苗期抗生素使用的管理.     

Isolation and Antimicrobial Resistance of Staphylococcus spp. in Freshwater Fish and Greek Marketplaces

The presence and antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus spp. in freshwater fish and the environment of fish markets of Northern Greece were investigated. A total of 269 samples were examined, consisting of 71 rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), 65 gibel carp (Carassius gibelio), and 133 environmental samples swabbed from various surfaces at fish markets.Staphylococcus spp. was isolated from 27% of the samples, and 16%, 9%, 0.7%, 0.4% and 0.4% were found to be positive for S. aureus, S. epidermidis, S. warneri, S. hominis-hominis, and S. haemolyticus, respectively. All isolates were examined for their susceptibility to 20 antibiotics. None of the S. aureus isolates were resistant to oxacillin and glycopeptides. Three S. epidermidis, two S. Warneri, and one S. haemolyticus isolates were resistant to oxacillin (methicillin resistant Staphylococcus, MRS). All isolates, except one, showed resistance to as many as 15 antibiotics. The population of Staphylococcus spp. in fish did not exceed 1.0 log CFU/g. Freshwater fish and the environments of retail fish markets were found to harbor multi-drug resistant staphylococci. Whether these findings present a real health risk for humans and to what extent needs to be evaluated.     

Antioxidant,ACE-Inhibitory,and Antimicrobial Activities of Peptide Fractions Obtained From Dried Giant Squid Tunics

ABSTRACT

Squid tunics were divided in two batches: freeze-dried and air-dried. Dried squid tunics were directly hydrolyzed with pepsin, Alcalase, and Esperase. Freeze-dried tunics showed better aptitude for hydrolysis than air-dried tunics. Pepsin showed the lowest efficiency in protein breakdown and gave hydrolysates with low antioxidant activity, whereas Alcalase and Esperase peptide fractions showed strong radical scavenging ability, ACE-inhibitory activity, and noticeable antimicrobial properties. B. cereus, B. coagulans, and D. hansenii were found to be the most sensitive bacteria. Dried squid tunics proved to be an alternative to a previously extracted gelatin for obtaining bioactive peptides.     

Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Flavobacterium columnare isolates collected worldwide from 17 fish species

Flavobacterium columnare is the causative agent of columnaris disease in diverse fish species worldwide. Although columnaris is an important disease, the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of F. columnare is not well studied. Thus, the purpose of this study was to test the in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of 97 F. columnare isolates collected worldwide between 1987 and 2011 from 17 fish species. The broth microdilution technique was utilized for reliable testing of these fastidious organisms. None of the isolates displayed acquired resistance to florfenicol, gentamicin, ormetoprim‐sulfadimethoxine and trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole. Acquired resistance to chloramphenicol was detected in 1%, to nitrofuran in 5%, to oxytetracycline in 11% and to enrofloxacin, flumequine and oxolinic acid in 10%, 16% and 16% of the isolates, respectively, as reflected by a bimodal or trimodal distribution of their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). One isolate showed acquired resistance towards several antimicrobial agents including erythromycin. Another isolate revealed acquired resistance towards – amongst others – ampicillin. The isolates displaying acquired resistance originated from ornamental fish species or Vietnamese catfish, except for two isolates coming from wild channel catfish in which acquired resistance was encountered towards oxytetracycline only. Fifty per cent of the resistant isolates from ornamental fish were shown to have acquired resistance against three classes of antimicrobial agents, assigning these isolates as multiple resistant. These data might indicate less prudent use of antimicrobials especially in ornamental fish species.