Protozoan bioassays of soil amended with sewage sludge and heavy metals,using the common soil ciliate Colpoda steinii

The common soil protozoan Colpoda steinii was used to study the toxicity of sulphate solutions of Ni, Cd, Cu, and Zn. The growth of C. steinii was reduced by 50% in the presence of 0.10, 0.22, 0.25, and 0.85 mg litre^-1 of Ni, Cd, Cu and Zn, respectively, during 24 h of incubation at 25°C, as calculated from a regression analysis of probit-transformed data. The same growth assay was used to assess the toxicity of soil solution extracted by centrifugation from soil samples of field plots of a grass/clover ley on a sandy loam treated with sewage sludge spiked with additional Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, or Zn at concentrations either equivalent to or twice the limits for heavy metals recommended in recent EC guidelines (Commission of European Communities directive 86/278/EEC). The toxicity of these soil solutions varied with the season of the year. None of the soil solutions extracted in winter (February 1991) inhibited the growth of C. steinii. In summer (July 1991), the growth was reduced in solutions extracted from plots that were amended with sludge plus additional Zn or Ni at twice the maxima recommended by the EC. The changes in toxicity to C. steinii of the soil solutions between February and July were positively correlated with increases in heavy metal concentrations of Zn and Ni between winter and summer. These preliminary results suggest that regular protozoan bioassays may be used to monitor the biological availability of heavy metals in soils, especially when combined with other microbial assays and with chemical analyses of soil solutions.     

The effects of nitrogen sludge load and DO on high concentration nitrous nitrifying system

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of nitrogen sludge load and dissolved oxygen(DO) on nitrite nitrification system. The following conclusions have been drawn based on the experimental data and analysis results: 1) The ammonium degradation rate and the nitrous accumulation rate of high concentration nitrous nitrifying system decline with the increase of NH+4-N sludge load. When HRT is less than two days, the ammonium degradation rate rapidly declines to 25%~29% with the increase of NH+4-N sludge load. When HRT is beyond two days, the ammonium rate of the system slowly falls to 50%~60% with the NH+4-N sludge load increased. When HRT is 2.5 days or 3 days, the declined trend of the system nitrous accumulation rate is not obvious with the NH+4-N sludge load increased. When HRT is 5 days, the decrease of nitrous accumulation rate is caused by the adaptation of sludge. So the NH+4-N sludge load of high concentration nitrous accumulation system should not be too high; 2)With the increase of DO, the ammonium degradation of high concentration nitrous nitrifying system is gradually increased. When the DO is less than 0.7 mg/L, it is not conductive to the ammonium degradation. When the DO is higher than 2 mg/L, the oxide of NH+4-N is changed into the increased of NO3-N and the nitrous accumulation rate declined. If the concentration of DO is controlled within 0.7to 1.3 mg/L, the high concentration nitrous nitrifying system can have a good NH+4-N degradation rate and nitrous accumulation rate.     

温度与回流量对含酚废水厌氧处理的影响

采用厌氧膨胀床反应器处理含酚有机废水，在中温条件（３０℃）下达到稳定状态。温度降到１５℃，处理效率明显下降；２０℃时影响很小；２３℃时有机物去除率、沼气产率与３０℃时持平，增加回流量对提高处理效率作用不大。结果表明，该工艺在常温和低回流量条件下运行依然有效，并且可以保持较高净产能量。     

造纸污泥与脲醛、酚醛胶粘剂之间的热反应

利用热重-差示扫描热量法联用测得造纸污泥分别与脲醛树脂胶粘剂(UF)和酚醛树脂胶粘剂(PF)两种胶合材料在加热过程中的热反应特征。通过分析可得出,造纸污泥在加热过程中没有明显吸、放热现象,表现出良好的耐热性。在加热过程中UF有明显的吸、放热现象,而与UF混合物则没有明显的热反应特征。造纸污泥与PF混合物在加热过程中有吸、放热反应,较之UF混合物热反应特征更明显。     

污泥农用对药用植物紫花茉莉品质和土壤环境的影响

利用广州市大坦沙污水处理厂的脱水污泥进行堆肥,将污泥堆肥用于药用植物紫花茉莉栽培,研究污泥的农用对药用植物生长、药用品质以及土壤养分和主要重金属等土壤环境的影响。结果表明,污泥堆肥不同用量处理与对照相比,紫花茉莉的株高增加了6.7%～20%,茎围增加了16%～36%,块根干物量增加了9.6%～28%,茎叶干物量增加了19%～37%。污泥的农用使紫花茉莉植株增加了Zn、Ca的累积,显著地提高了紫花茉莉块根的药用功能,不同处理土壤Zn含量比对照增加了14%～86%。土壤Pb、Cr、Cu、Ni含量却没有明显变化。     

城市污泥处理处置及资源化研究进展

我国是一个经济基础较为薄弱、可耕地有限的农业大国,而污泥中富含植物生长必需的有机质、腐殖质和矿质元素,本文首先介绍了将污泥作为栽培基质部分或全部替代土壤,将污泥制成复合或生物复合肥料与无机或有机基质混配为复合基质等的可行性;然后指出使污泥处置与污泥稳定化、减量化、无害化及资源化相结合将成为解决城市污泥问题的最终出路。     

原料差异对厌氧消化微生物群落的影响

以餐厨垃圾、果蔬垃圾、麦秸3种不同原料分别进行厌氧消化,研究了各反应器在最佳运行条件下的消化特性和微生物群落组成。结果表明:VS产气率由高到低依次为餐厨垃圾(756.4mL·g-1VS-1)、麦秸(696.5mL·g-1VS-1)和果蔬垃圾(433.5mL·g-1VS-1),甲烷含量在51.5%～55.1%之间,利用PCR-DGGE技术系统地分析了不同原料消化系统内细菌和古菌的群落结构构成及差异。结果表明,虽然3组样品中细菌和古菌的群落存在相同的优势微生物,但其数量和群落结构差异也较为明显,细菌中以拟杆菌(Bacteroidetes)以及古菌中甲烷鬃菌属(Methanosaeta)和甲烷螺菌属(Methanospirillum)均为样品共有的优势微生物。     

氨胁迫对猪粪厌氧消化性能的影响

以猪粪为原料,采用批式试验方法,研究不同氨氮添加量(0、400、800、1600、2400、3200、4000 mg·L^-1)对厌氧消化产气效果的影响.结果表明:随着氨氮添加量的增加,总产气量和CH₄产率均呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势,氨氮添加量 ≥2400 mg·L^-1时,厌氧消化过程受到显著抑制;不同处理中猪粪挥发性固体(VS)的CH₄产率分别为328.5、338.1、323.2、304.9、276.2、124.9、56.1 mL·g^-1.氨氮添加量为0~800 mg·L^-1时,最大VS产CH₄速率分别为18.3、18.4、17.1 mL·g^-1·d^-1;氨氮添加量为2400 mg·L^-1时,产气高峰推迟,产CH₄速率明显降低;氨氮添加量 ≥400 mg·L^-1时,厌氧消化30 d底物的生物转化产CH₄效率随氨氮添加量的增加逐渐降低,分别为56.7%、54.5%、52.4%、30.6%、1.6%和1.3%;氨氮添加量为400~2400 mg·L^-1时,乙酸利用型产甲烷菌Methanosaeta的相对丰度总体随氨氮质量浓度的增加而降低,而氢利用型产甲烷菌Methanosarcina和Methanococcus具有相反的变化规律.     

仓内散粒体压力分布规律的研究

本文对仓内散粒体做稳定、整体、卸载流动时的理想刚塑性模型用分离变量的级数展开法对其进行了数值计算，纠正了原结论性公式中的错误［１］，扩充了计算公式的范围，并且，给出了应力沿径向的分布规律。     

污泥土地利用对环境的影响

污泥中含有丰富的有机质及氮、磷等养分，土地利用是污泥处理的重要途径之一。由于污泥的含水率很高，易腐烂发臭，且含有病原菌、重金属及毒性有机物等，在土地利用之前进行稳定化处理是必要的。在污泥的稳定化处理方法中以堆肥化处理较符合我国国情。污泥的土地利用对土壤物理、化学及生物学性质有明显的改良作用，可促进植物生长，提高产量及品质。同时，由于污泥中的重金属及丰富的氮素，使用不当，可导致重金属在土壤与植物中的积累，过量的硝态氮可能污染地表与地下水。