氮和氨基酸液肥配施对葡萄叶片生理特性的影响

研究了氮和氨基酸液肥配施后葡萄叶片的生理变化,结果表明,喷施10 d后,各处理叶绿素含量提高,SOD和POD活性增强,膜透性和MDA含量降低。以喷施4.0 g/kg尿素＋400倍氨基酸液肥的叶绿素含量相对较高,为1.31 mg/g,较对照增加0.92 mg/g;电导率最低,为69.23%,较对照低30.32百分点。     

柑橘CitPG34的克隆、定位与表达分析

【目的】 多聚半乳糖醛酸酶是一类参与细胞壁降解的水解酶,在植物生长发育和器官脱落过程中发挥着重要作用。本研究克隆柑橘CitPG34及其启动子（CitPG34-P）并进行表达分析,为深入研究柑橘PG在幼果脱落过程的生物功能奠定基础。【方法】 以‘塔罗科’血橙（Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck）为材料,克隆CitPG34及其启动子,利用ProtParam、Cello、CLUSTALX、MEGA5.2、PlantCARE等软件对其蛋白特性及启动子顺式作用元件进行分析预测;利用实时荧光定量PCR（qRT-PCR）分析CitPG34在不同组织以及柑橘幼果脱落过程中的表达水平。采用同源重组的方法构建pCAMBIA1302-CitPG34-GFP融合蛋白表达载体和CitPG34启动子表达载体（CitPG34-P::gus）,分别用于亚细胞定位和启动子活性分析。【结果】 从‘塔罗科’血橙幼果离层中克隆获得CitPG34,其ORF为1 194 bp,编码397个氨基酸,预测蛋白分子量为41.47 kD,理论等电点为5.19,其不稳定系数为30.23,表明CitPG34属于稳定蛋白;通过在线软件TMHMM分析发现：CitPG34为跨膜蛋白,具有一个跨膜结构,位于第7—29位氨基酸之间。在CitPG34二级结构中,α-螺旋结构约占15.37%,扩展链约占29.72%,无规则卷曲约占54.91%,与其三级结构预测基本一致。NJ树分析显示CitPG34与西洋梨PcPG3（BAF42034）亲缘关系最近,表明CitPG34可能与果实脱落和软化相关。qRT-PCR分析表明,CitPG34在花中表达量最高,在根、叶、离层A、离层C中表达量较低,在幼果中几乎不表达。1-氨基环丙烷羧酸（ACC）处理果梗后能显著提高离层A中CitPG34的表达水平,相反IAA抑制其转录。此外,在柑橘幼果正常脱落过程中,CitPG34表达明显升高。亚细胞定位发现,CitPG34主要位于细胞壁。克隆获取CitPG34起始密码子（ATG）前2 075 bp启动子序列（CitPG34-P）,PlantCare预测发现,在CitPG34-P序列上存在多种顺式调控元件,如核心启动元件TATA-box、增强子元件CAAT-box以及脱落酸响应元件ABRE等。将CitPG34-P::gus转入烟草,通过GUS组织化学染色发现,该启动子受乙烯诱导,主要在叶脉和毛状体中表达。【结论】 CitPG34的ORF长度为1 194 bp,可编码397个氨基酸,其蛋白主要位于细胞壁;该基因具有明显的组织特异性,在花中表达最高;CitPG34表达量与柑橘幼果脱落显著相关。上述结果表明,CitPG34在柑橘幼果脱落和花发育过程中可能发挥着重要的生物功能。     

北疆棉区棉花蕾铃脱落规律的初步研究

经过３ａ（１９９６～１９９８年）系统调查研究,结果表明：北疆棉区棉花蕾铃脱落率达８０％以上,且落蕾率高于落铃率。落蕾在现蕾６ｄ后直到开花前比例较大,而落铃主要集中在开花后１２ｄ以内。蕾铃脱落的主要时期出现明显的峰值,随年份不同而有所不同。中部果枝现蕾较多,脱落率也较高;同一果枝第一果节以落铃为主,第二果节以落蕾为主。栽培措施、气候条件与棉花的蕾铃脱落有极其密切的关系。     

‘糯米糍’荔枝栽培生理与技术研究进展

‘糯米糍’荔枝（Litchi chinensis Sonn.）是我国最优质的主栽晚熟品种,已有千年的栽培历史,2019年种植面积为1.4万公顷。但是在生产中,存在成花难、坐果难、落果裂果严重、大小年结果现象明显等缺点,严重影响农户栽植的积极性,因此栽培面积有减少趋势。本文主要综述了近30年来有关‘糯米糍’花芽分化、落果和采前裂果相关生理及高效栽培技术方面的研究进展,对‘糯米糍’的生产和研究具有一定的参考意义。 关键词 糯米糍;栽培;开花;落果;裂果     

Contributions of short- and long-shoots to yield of ‘Kerman’ pistachio (Pistacia vera L.)

The canopy of a mature ‘Kerman’ pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) tree is composed of two types of shoots: short-shoots composed entirely of preformed nodes, and long-shoots composed of both preformed and neoformed nodes. Since the production of these two types of shoots is known to be related to rootstock and rootstock influences yield of pistachio the relationship of these two types of shoots to yield was investigated during two cropping years. Individual short-shoots produced significantly less yield and had fewer fruit clusters per shoot compared with long-shoots, but collectively produced 55–60% of the total yield. Long-shoots positively affected yield components in one year, but had no effect in the other year. Whether the differences in the one year were due to canopy position and light interception or differences in the carbohydrate allocation within the two types of shoots could not be determined from the current data. Long-shoots initiated more inflorescence buds, although inflorescence bud formation was restricted to the preformed growth and only the 3–4 earliest neoformed nodes. However, when expressed as a percentage, long-shoots retained a lower percentage of initiated inflorescence buds, compared with short-shoots. Regardless of shoot type, less than half of the retained inflorescence buds produced mature fruit clusters. Thus, inflorescence bud retention, a previously hypothesized mechanism of pistachio alternate bearing, may not be the primary limiting factor to yield in pistachio.     

Low Incident Light Combined with Partial Waterlogging Impairs Photosynthesis and Imposes a Yield Penalty in Cotton

Through field studies, cotton responses to dual stresses – waterlogging and low light (shade) were investigated. The hypothesis was that shade would amplify yield losses in waterlogged (WL) cotton. Either early or late in the reproductive phase, the crop was WL (96 h and 120 h, in 2012–2013 and 2013–2014, respectively) and/or shaded (6 days or 9 days in 2012–2013 and 2013–2014, respectively). Waterlogging at early reproductive phase significantly reduced lint yield (17 % averaged across both years) of cotton, although shade‐induced yield losses (18 %) were only significant in 2013–2014. Shade significantly exacerbated yield losses only when the impact of waterlogging damage was modest (2013–2014). More intense waterlogging impaired lint yield independently of the light levels. Yield reductions in these experiments were the consequence of both accelerated fruit abscission and fewer fruiting nodes produced. Plants had lower leaf nitrogen levels and photosynthetic rates after waterlogging and/or shade treatments and produced fewer fruiting nodes. Although long‐term shade increased specific leaf area (30 %) and leaf N (20 %) immediately following 5 days of waterlogging, it did not restore shoot growth, node formation or lint yield because of suppressed photosynthetic performance (area basis) and carbohydrate supply.     

温度和光强对辣椒生殖器官脱落的影响

在人工气候室中，研究了温度和光强对辣椒生殖器官脱落的影响。结果表明，“渝椒２号、和“湘研３号”在气候室处理１周中，低温（１５℃／８℃，昼／夜温）下的开花数分别仅为中温处理（２５℃／１５℃）的１８．７％和１３．％，而落花率则增加５２．５％和４４．５％；高温（３５℃／２５℃）处理开花数减少，落蕾数增加了１９和６．６倍。田间观察８天表明，低温处理的植株落蕾数分别较中温处理增加１．９和３．７倍，高温处理则     

Reproductive Abscission and Yield of Irrigated and Drought Stressed Cowpea

Two experiments were conducted under field conditions to evaluate reproductive abscission, seed yield and yield components of three cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] genotypes. In the first experiment, level of abscission and yield of two cultivars, California Blackeye Pea No. 5 (CA-5) and Speckle Purple Hull (SPH), and one experimental line (AZ-54) were studied. In the second experiment, effect of drought stress on abscission at three nodal positions, seed yield, and yield components of CA-5 were studied. Abscission in both experiments was determined by counting scars left by dropprd reproductive structures including floral buds, open flowers, and immature pods. Abscission of CA-5 and AZ-54 in the first experiment ranged between 68 and 76 % while that of SPH ranged between 86 and 89 %. CA-5 and AZ-54 retained two to three pods per peduncle, and SPH retained only one mature pod per peduncle. Average seed yields of SPH and AZ-54, respectively, were 45 and 50 % of CA-5. Drought stress in the second experiment did not affect production of floral buds Peduncle^?1 (average of 10) but significantly increased percent reproductive abscission and decreased pod retention of CA-5. Abscission in the bottom two-third nodes increased from 82 % in well-irrigated plants to 93 % in non-irrigated plants. This increase in abscission corresponded to nearly 60 % reduction in pod retention. The number of pods per peduncle in the bottom two-third nodes decreased from 1.9 in well-irrigated plants to only. 77 in non-irrigated plants. The increase in abscission and decrease in pod retention with increasing intensity of drought was greatest in the bottom one-third nodes. Drought stress did not affect abscission and pod retention in the top one-third nodes. Stress also decreased peduncles plant^?1, seeds pod^?1, and dry matter and seed yield plant^?1 but did not affect seed weight and harvest index. The decrease in seed yield was largely due to reductions in pods plant^?1 and seeds pod^?1. The reduction in the number of pods and, therefore, seed yield due to stress was because of reductions in the number of peduncles plant^?1 and increases in reproductive abscission. It is concluded external conditions that increase abscission beyond that of normal occurrence affect seed yield adversely.     

大豆叶柄外植体脱落过程中离区的显微观察

 用石蜡切片法观察大豆叶柄外植体脱落过程中离区的形态变化,发现离区在脱落前就已经形成,宽约2mm,由20~25层细胞构成,细胞小而致密,与周围细胞明显不同,离区外观形态在脱落过程中在光学显微镜下观察无明显变化。     

龙眼果实脱落特性参数与果柄分离力的相关性分析

海南反季节龙眼采前落果普遍发生,严重制约了反季节龙眼产业的发展。而果柄分离力可以反映果实离层活动的状况,成为果实脱落进程的重要指标,但未见在龙眼上使用的报道。本研究以DS2-1000 gf和DS2-5000 gf型推拉力仪检测果柄分离力,并分析果实脱落过程中各项生理特性参数,旨在弄清龙眼果实脱落过程中果柄分离力与果实碳水化合物、呼吸速率和离层细胞壁代谢酶活性的关系。数据表明反季节龙眼果实脱落过程中,果柄分离力的变化范围为0~3000 gf,且果柄分离力低于1000 gf会导致果实呈现脱落趋势;落果率与果柄分离力呈现显著负相关性（r=-0.984,P=0.000）;果实总糖和淀粉含量与果柄分离力呈现显著正相关性,相关系数分别为0.942（P=0.005）和0.952（P=0.003）;果柄呼吸耗氧速率与果柄分离力呈负相关性（r=-0.807,P=0.099）;果柄离层纤维素酶和β-甘露聚糖酶活性也与果柄分离力呈显著分负相关性,相关系数分别为-0.936（P=0.019）和-0.954（P=0.002）。结果表明反季节龙眼果实脱落进程可用果柄分离力的变化体现,果实脱落进程伴随着果柄分离力的不断降低,与果柄细胞壁降解酶活性的增加呈线性关系;脱落的发生与碳水化合物含量关系密切,而高的果实呼吸消耗,可能加快果实脱落进程。