梅花采后衰老的内源激素调节

瓶插实验、ＧＣ及ＥＬＩＳＡ检测证实,ＳＴＳ及６ ＢＡ可有效抑制梅花脱落及乙烯释放,间接表明梅花脱落与乙烯有关．动态测定还表明,乙烯及ＩＡＡ是调节梅花脱落衰老的重要因子．在离体及连体梅花中,ＡＢＡ分别在开放期前后参与了衰老调节．ＣＴＫ匮乏导致梅花衰老,其外源应用可抑制乙烯生成及梅花脱落,因此ＣＴＫ是梅花延衰的主要因子．ＧＡ仅有利于促进梅花绽开率,而并非为其延衰因子．根据上述结果,制定了切花梅科学的保鲜对策     

DTA-6和S3307对大豆存留荚和脱落荚生理调控的效应

【目的】在半干旱地区,研究植物生长促进型和延缓型调节剂作用下,大豆花荚发育过程中存留和脱落荚生理效应差别,探讨调节剂减少大豆脱落作用的生理效应,为提高大豆产量寻找途径。【方法】试验于2012-2013年在黑龙江省大庆市林甸县,始花期（R1）对3个大豆品种绥农28（SN28）、垦丰16(KF16)、合丰50（HF50）分别叶面喷施调节剂2-N、N-二乙氨基乙基己酸酯（diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate,DTA-6）和烯效唑（uniconazole,S3307）,喷施清水作为对照（CK）。从喷药后第35天（R5）开始第1次取样,每隔7 d取样1次。采集存留和脱落的花荚,并将荚皮与籽粒分开,液氮速冻30 min,取出置于低温冰柜中（-40℃）,待全部样品收集完毕,统一测定。比较研究各处理中存留和脱落荚中氧自由基代谢、相关脱落酶、可溶性物质等生理指标的调控效应。【结果】（1）随着荚发育进程,脱落荚中丙二醛（methane dicarboxylic aldehyde,MDA）含量、超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）活性、过氧化物酶（peroxidase,POD）活性、可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白质含量显著高于存留荚,脱落纤维素酶（abscission cellulose,AC）、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶（polygalacturonase,PG）活性显著低于存留荚。（2）DTA-6和S3307都能够调控大豆存留荚和脱落荚生理,二者过程不同,结果相似。二者调控效应表现为：总体上降低了存留荚MDA含量,提高了SOD、POD活性,效果S3307优于DTA-6,在绥农28和垦丰16鼓粒中早期,合丰50鼓粒后期阶段性的降低了存留荚AC活性、PG活性。存留荚和脱落荚生理差别随着荚的生育进程,随之变化,不同荚生育时期,差异幅度不同。存留荚和脱落荚生理指标的差异也受品种内在遗传因素影响。【结论】脱落后的荚生理指标状态与存留荚相比表现为质膜过氧化作用增强,保护酶系统的平衡被破坏,可溶性物质增加,脱落酶活性降低可能受脱落过程环境影响较大。脱落荚和存留荚生理相关指标存在差异,并受荚发育时期和品种影响。DTA-6和S3307调控后存留荚具有较强的生理调控和自我修复能力,其膜损伤、渗透调节、保护酶系统、脱落酶活性降低等均对降低脱落有积极的响应。     

干旱胁迫下木薯叶片和离层内源乙烯含量变化

利用木薯光系统II(PSII)最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)量化木薯受到干旱胁迫的程度,并测量木薯叶片与离层的内源乙烯在不同程度干旱胁迫下的量,以探讨内源乙烯的产生、Fv/Fm的下降速度与木薯抗旱性之间的关系。结果表明,抗旱性越强的品种,Fv/Fm下降速度越慢,内源乙烯上升的时间也越靠后。     

不同品种龙眼果实发育进程对其生理落果和熟性的影响

以早熟1号、石硖、储良、实生迟熟和立冬本5个不同熟性的龙眼(Dimocarps longana Lour)品种为材料,研究了果实发育进程对其生理落果和熟性的影响。结果表明:在分大小果期间的第2次生理落果高峰之后直至成熟,龙眼果实的落果率趋于稳定低水平,单穗果数缓慢下降,但品种间差异与熟性无关;在不同熟性龙眼果实的发育过程中,果实大小、单果质量、果形指数、果肉厚度、可食率和TSS含量的变化规律相似,但因熟性不同而表现为进程差异;与早熟品种相比,迟熟品种果实个体发育速率较慢,果形变化迟,子叶生长、种子发育完成、果实进入成熟期、完熟期和过熟期均需要较长的时间。与谢花期对果实熟性的影响相比,果实发育进程对决定品种熟性更有意义。     

Post-flowering leaflet removals increase pod initiation in soybean canopies

Much of the yield variation in soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) crops is related to changes in pod and seed number. Pod number is the result of pod initiation and pod abscission while seed number is the result of potential seed per pod and seed abortion. However, the physiological regulation of these processes is not well understood. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the role of post-flowering changes in source size and canopy structure on pod initiation, pod abscission and seed abortion in soybean. Two soybean genotypes: DM48 and A7409 (maturity groups IV and VII, respectively) were used. Leaflet removal treatments (L) consisted of removing none (L0), one (L1) or two (L2) lateral leaflets of every developed trifoliate leaf present. Leaflet removals were applied twice: the first at full bloom and the second shortly after the beginning seed stage. Crop growth rate (CGR), leaf area index (LAI), light interception (LI), and relative leaf growth rate, were determined during the periods in which numerical components are established. For the period between the first and the second leaflet removal, CGR remained unchanged among L treatments in both genotypes because LAI reductions were compensated through an increase in the net assimilation rate of the remaining leaves. The first leaflet removal increased the relative leaf growth rate and the number of pods initiated (PI) and these increases were inversely related to the remaining LAI in both genotypes. Moreover, the inverse relationship between LAI and PI was sustained at LAI below and above critical (i.e., LAI for 95% LI) and was not related to CGR or LI. The number of pod abscised also increased with the level of leaflet removal during the first and main abscission period in both genotypes and the percentage of pod abscission was directly related to the seed growth rate per unit leaf area during the abscission period. Seed abortion was inversely related to LAI after the second leaflet removal. Only the highest level of leaflet removals (i.e., L2) was able to reduce seed size in both genotypes. Whereas pod abscission, seed abortion and seed size could be related to indicators of canopy assimilatory capability pod initiation was not, suggesting that other physiological mechanism/s operate in the regulation of pod initiation. In addition, our results suggest that early (i.e., at flowering) canopy closure may negatively impact pod initiation in soybean. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to document that the number of initiated pods is inversely related to LAI in soybean canopies.     

基于高速摄像技术的振动落果惯性力研究

【目的】研究果实在激振力作用下脱离枝干的运动规律、果实振动脱落时的加速度和脱落惯性力,为振动式果品收获机的研制提供理论依据。【方法】运用果树振动装置进行了杏果侧枝振动落果试验,采用高速摄像仪对分离过程进行了跟踪拍摄,通过Phantom控制软件对图像进行跟踪、捕捉、分析和计算,探寻杏果实在脱离枝干过程中瞬时速度的变化规律。【结果】杏果实脱离枝干过程中瞬时速度的变化表现为增大-减小-匀速运动-杏果实与枝干完全分离,杏果实与所在枝干的相对瞬时速度最大达到1.723m/s,杏果实的脱落加速度最大为4.270×102 m/s2,脱落惯性力最大为5.124N。【结论】脱落惯性力是杏果实脱离枝干所需的最小作用力,其是确定振动式果品收获机在收获果实的过程中作用于枝干激振力大小的理论依据,也是振动式果品收获机其他性能指标的理论参考。确定适当的激振力,可以保证振动式果品收获机在采收过程中果实的采净率高,同时对果树的损伤最小。     

水稻落粒性的研究进展

落粒性是野生稻适应自然环境和保持群体繁衍的重要性状，落粒性的丧失是水稻驯化过程中的一个关键事件。落粒程度既直接影响水稻的产量，也影响其对现代化机械收割方式的适应性。本文综述了近年来水稻落粒性的研究进展，包括水稻落粒的生理基础、落粒性基因的定位与克隆，以及调控落粒性的分子机理。     

马铃薯营养物质分配对蕾花果脱落的影响

以乌H4 的母本 0 81和父本NS4 0 37为材料 ,通过田间和室内试验对马铃薯蕾花果脱落的一般规律进行了观察研究 ,并从解剖学和生理学方面对导致脱落的原因进行了深入研究。结果表明 ,马铃薯蕾花果脱落的一般规律为落蕾多于落花 ,落花多于落果 ;不同花序和同一花序不同位置上的蕾花果脱落不相同。花蕾发育过程中四分体以前花序营养状况 ,浆果发育过程中胚形成前浆果营养状况对脱落有主要影响 ,这两时期N、P、K等养分供应不足会严重影响花蕾和浆果的发育。导致养分不足的主要原因是马铃薯生育期间地上、地下两个营养中心养分竞争激烈。     

卫矛科植物花梗关节解剖学研究

花梗关节是卫矛科植物中一种比较特殊的结构,在该科多个属中出现,特别是南蛇藤属植物的一个鉴别特征.本研究以卫矛科卫矛属及南蛇藤属植物为研究对象,运用比较形态、解剖观察及石蜡切片等方法对花梗关节进行了较为系统的研究.结果表明:关节是花梗上细胞缢缩形成的一种特殊结构,是花与花序轴之间的连结点,其细胞特征和排列方式与叶柄的离层相似,花从关节处掉落,起到了疏花的作用,在一定程度上对花序结构的简化产生影响,达到植物在资源配置上的自我调节.可见,花梗关节是植物应对环境胁迫、促进有效繁殖而产生的一种适应性特征.     

Removal of flowers or inflorescences affects ‘Barnea’ olive fruitlet post-anthesis abscission

A typical olive (Olea europaea L.) inflorescence consists of about 20 flowers. However, in many cultivars, only one fruit develops. This is due to massive abscission of flowers and fruitlets, which occurs during the first month after anthesis. In this study, we used the olive cultivar 'Barnea' to characterize the abscission mechanism and to try to increase fruit set by increasing the number of developed fruit per inflorescence. Removing the lateral flowers 3 weeks before anthesis increased fruit set by more than 50%. Removing all inflorescences but one from a branch increased the number of developed fruits from 0.93 to 2.8 during 2017 and from 0.91 to 3.34 fruits per inflorescence in 2018. Sugar quantification in the pistil revealed that starch level is high on the day of anthesis and low 25 days later in abscised as well as in developed fruit. Soluble carbohydrates are low on the day of anthesis, low in abscised flowers/fruitlets 25 days after anthesis and high in developed fruit. Screening the natural variation found in the Israeli germplasm collection revealed that in most cultivars less than one fruit per inflorescence has developed. However, there are unique cultivars with a higher fruit set.