河套灌区畦田内不同位置土壤入渗特性及影响因素分析

为明确河套灌区畦田田块不同位置土壤的入渗特性,通过野外试验和室内检测对试验区田块不同位置土壤理化性质和入渗过程进行分析,并基于土壤入渗模型对试验区田块不同位置的土壤入渗过程进行拟合,同时探讨影响土壤入渗过程的影响因素.研究结果表明:试验区田块内不同位置土壤理化性质及入渗特性具有一定差异性且不同位置土壤入渗特性与土壤理化...     

流域侵蚀输沙空间尺度效应及其影响因素研究进展

侵蚀输沙空间变异及其尺度效应是流域水文过程研究的一个重要内容,对流域水土流失控制和水沙资源科学管理具有重要意义。通过对流域侵蚀输沙空间尺度效应研究成果的系统回顾,从坡面到流域,阐述了降雨、土壤和植被等环境要素对侵蚀输沙尺度效应的影响,梳理了尺度效应产生机制方面的认知,总结了不同条件下坡面产流和侵蚀输沙尺度转换的代表性方法。在此基础上,对流域侵蚀输沙空间尺度效应研究的发展趋势进行了讨论,未来应增加新技术和数据的应用,建立具有明确物理机制的侵蚀输沙空间尺度转换方法,同时,急需突破剧烈环境变化对空间尺度效应影响的研究。本文的梳理与总结可为流域侵蚀输沙过程的深入研究提供参考,为土壤侵蚀防治和河流水沙的综合管理提供一定的科学支持。     

管道完整性管理实践与思考

随着国内油气管道行业的发展,管道完整性技术及管理得到广泛研究和应用。基于中国石油管道公司完整性管理实践,分析了当前管道安全运行面临的挑战:认知水平不一、安全管理水平较低、标准水平制约管道建设和运行水平、管道发展快于技术储备、专业化技术服务水平与力量不足;分享了在完整性技术与管理方面的实践与收获;清晰了管道开裂事故的关键因素,探索形成了管道检测与评价的最佳实践做法,推动了管理和决策模式的变革。对今后该技术领域的发展进行了思考,提出了如何应对大数据带来的变革,如何认知管道安全管理的特性,如何认识建设期管道完整性管理的核心等前瞻性问题,为管道完整性管理的深入开展明确了方向。     

渭北旱塬果园土壤干燥化生态修复方式效应研究

【目的】探讨不同生态修复方式对渭北旱塬果园土壤水分和果树光合特性的影响。【方法】2012-05-12,以地处渭北旱塬的陕西陇县梁甫村10年生红富士苹果园为研究对象,设置秸秆覆盖、起垄覆膜、微孔梯度深层集水、秸秆覆盖+起垄覆膜、秸秆覆盖+微孔梯度深层集水、起垄覆膜+微孔梯度深层集水、起垄覆膜+微孔梯度深层集水+秸秆覆盖7个处理,以裸地为对照(CK),于7-11月每月30号采集果园0~2m土层土样测定土壤含水量,8-9月每月30号测定果树叶片光合特性。【结果】各处理0~2m土层土壤平均含水量均高于对照,其中以起垄覆膜+微孔梯度深层集水+秸秆覆盖处理的效果最好,其0~1m土层土壤含水量比对照提高9.83%,1~2m土层土壤含水量比对照提高7.91%,其次是秸秆覆盖+微孔梯度深层集水处理,其0~1和1~2m土层土壤含水量分别比对照增加8.55%和7.40%;不同生态修复方式均能明显提高苹果树的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs),且均以起垄覆膜+微孔梯度深层集水+秸秆覆盖处理最高,其Pn、Tr、Gs分别比对照提高了18.46%,0.90%和52.94%。各生态修复处理的Pn均与对照差异达极显著水平(P0.01),而在Tr和Gs中,除起垄覆膜+微孔梯度深层集水+秸秆覆盖和秸秆覆盖+微孔梯度深层集水处理与对照差异达显著水平(P0.05)外,其他处理均与对照差异不显著。Pn、Tr、Gs与土壤含水量呈正相关线性关系。【结论】微孔梯度深层集水方式与地表覆盖方式相结合能够大幅度提高土壤水分含量,影响果树光合特性,其中以起垄覆膜+微孔梯度深层集水+秸秆覆盖方式效果最好,可作为改善果园土壤干燥化的方法加以利用。     

黄土高原小流域土壤养分空间特征及其与地形因子的相关性

【目的】分析黄土高原地区小流域内土壤养分含量的空间特征及其与地形因子的相关性,为养分精确管理和土地资源高效利用提供参考依据。【方法】以位于黄土高原的陕西彬县红岩河小流域为例,于2011年结合GPS共采集了121个田间土样,对其土壤养分(有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、有效钾)含量进行测定,并应用地统计学方法对土壤养分含量半方差函数模型及其参数进行了确定,用普通克里格插值(Kriging)绘制了研究区土壤养分空间分布图,统计分析高程、坡度、坡向、坡形等地形因子与土壤养分含量的相关性,并进行了插值结果检验。【结果】陕西彬县红岩河小流域土壤碱解氮的空间变异性很弱,有机质、速效磷和有效钾具有强烈的空间变异性。各养分含量空间分布均呈斑块状,条带性分布趋势不明显。总体上土壤有机质和速效养分含量与高程和坡度呈负相关,与坡向呈正相关,与坡形相关不显著。【结论】随机性变异(人为因素)对碱解氮的空间变异起主导作用,且变程较小,有机质、速效磷和有效钾的空间变异主要由结构性变异(自然因素)引起,且变程较大。高程、坡度及坡向明显影响土壤养分的含量和分布。     

密肥互作对全膜双垄沟播玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响

为进一步完善全膜双垄沟播玉米栽培技术体系,采用大田随机区组试验法,研究了不同密度和施肥水平对全膜双垄沟播玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明：6.75×10⁴株·hm^-2种植密度下玉米产量和水分利用效率显著高于4.50×10⁴株·hm^-2密度处理。不同施肥处理条件下,玉米穗 行数和产量均以施纯氮180 kg·hm^-2,施过磷酸钙144 kg·hm^-2处理最高;玉米百粒重和 水分利用效率均以施纯氮210 kg·hm^-2,施过磷酸钙168 kg·hm^-2最高;6.75×10⁴株·hm^-2密度下施纯氮210 kg·hm^-2,施过磷酸钙168 kg·hm^-2处理互作效应显著,玉米百粒重、产量和水分利用效率均高于其他处理。说明6.75×10⁴株·hm^-2密度下施纯氮210 kg·hm^-2,施过磷酸钙168 kg·hm^-2是当地全膜双垄沟播玉米生产中比较理想的种植密度和施肥水平。     

Fishes of the Irrawaddy River: Diversity and conservation

1. Few conservation studies have examined fish communities in entire drainage basins, especially in developing regions such as Southeast Asia, one of the most diverse biomes globally. The aim of this study was to establish conservation projections for the whole of the Irrawaddy River system, based on fish diversity patterns, human impact, and environmental change.
2. The Irrawaddy River is one of the five largest rivers in Southeast Asia. Although it has very high diversity of fish species and species endemism, our understanding of resident fish status remains poor.
3. Based on 1,726 field survey and 1,056 database records, 470 fish species and their distribution patterns (i.e. alpha, beta, threatened species, and endemic species diversities) in sub-basins of the Irrawaddy drainage were identified. Canonical correspondence analysis of diversity and environmental patterns indicated that climatic factors had the largest effect on diversity, compatible with the species–energy theory.
4. Fish conservation priorities of sub-basins were evaluated based on diversity patterns and human impact. The delta and Manipur basin regions were highlighted as areas of focus for future fish diversity conservation, and the importance of connectivity in the Irrawaddy main stem was demonstrated.
5. The results of this study will be valuable for future management of the Irrawaddy basin and as a reference for other river basins when implementing protection strategies for fish diversity. This study also advocates the need for systematic investigations across entire drainage basins and further detailed studies on the ecological conditions of poorly studied river systems.

     

Big impacts from small abstractions: The effects of surface water abstraction on freshwater fish assemblages

1. Abstractions and diversions are prevalent in river networks worldwide; however, specific mechanisms and measures reflecting changes in functional characteristics of aquatic assemblages in response to flow abstraction have not been well established. In particular, the influence of small takes on fish assemblages is poorly understood.
2. Field surveys and stable‐isotope analyses were used to evaluate the impact of differing levels of flow abstraction on fish assemblage structure, and native–non‐native patterns of coexistence, associated with small surface water abstractions in four streams in New Zealand. Study design accounted for longitudinal processes (spatial autocorrelation) to isolate the effects of abstractions on fish assemblages.
3. Reaches with reduced flows downstream of abstraction points had significantly lower fish abundances per metre of stream length, probably because of decreased habitat size, altered interspecific interactions and barriers to movement. The loss of larger fish in reaches with high abstraction resulted in shallower mass–abundance slopes and shorter stable isotope‐derived food‐chain lengths, likely to have been caused by fewer trophic links in the food web. The large fish absent from these reaches were flow‐sensitive introduced salmonids, resulting in higher relative abundances of small‐bodied native fish, probably as a result of predatory and competitive release.
4. Quantification of metrics designed to characterize ecosystem functioning as well as abundance and species composition indicated that small water abstractions can alter both the structure and composition of stream fish assemblages and modify the outcomes of native–non‐native species interactions. Thus, a better understanding of the effects of small abstractions could be used to improve the strategic management of fish in invaded riverscapes.

     

家蚕黑尾病及其防治方法研究

家蚕黑尾病主要是由曲霉菌在蚕尾部寄生引起的一种真菌病 ,从病蚕中分离到病原菌有两种 ,一种孢子表面棘多而长、黄褐色 ,孢子大 ,直径 4～ 6 μm ;一种孢子表面棘短而少、蓝绿色 ,孢子小 ,直径 2～ 3μm。黑尾病在高温多湿条件下多发 ,多发生于 4龄中期至 5龄中期。黑尾病病原菌侵染寄生家蚕的过程是 :病原菌分生孢子附着在蚕尾部背板与节间的三角形节间膜处 ,分生孢子发芽侵入蚕体产生黑色小病斑 ,随病情加重病斑加大 ,甚至在病斑处出现节间断裂 ,直至形成黑尾症状。使用药剂防治黑尾病以 5 %亚迪蚕保最佳     

犬腺病毒纤突蛋白基因功能区的比较分析

根据GenBank中已发表的CAV纤突基因序列，设计合成4对8条引物，用已建立的PCR方法，对犬2型腺病毒沈阳分离株第5代强毒经蚀斑克隆驯化的第60代毒弱毒（SY-V60）和犬1型腺病毒长春犬株（CCC-V6）的纤突基因进行了扩增，PCR产物经纯化后进行基因序列测定，测定结果经拼接后得到一个由1632和1629个核苷酸组成的纤突蛋白全基因序列，分别编码543和542个氨基酸。犬2型腺病毒（SY-V60）与犬1型腺病毒（CCC-V6）的纤突基因的同源性达到80.48%。犬2型腺病毒（SY-V60）与犬1型腺病毒（CCC-V6）纤突基因的同源性达到80.48%；根据犬的腺病毒与人2型腺病毒纤突蛋白的序列同源性比较结果，推测了犬腺病毒纤突蛋白的尾（tail)、轴（shaft)，结（knob)三个功能区的氨基酸序列，2个型之间的尾区同源性为76.9%；轴区同源性为78.59%；其结区同源性为83.24%，而同型毒株之间结和尾区同源性较高，轴区同源性较低。