Simultaneous measurements of quantum yield and CO2 uptake for the assessment of non-assimilative electron flow in tree leaves

Using attached and detached leaves ofAcer palmatum Thunb. andRhaphiolepsis umbellata Makino, pulse-modulated chlorophyll fluorescence and CO₂ exchange were measured. Quantum yield of photosynthesis was determined from the fluorescence parameter(Fm′−Fs)/Fm′, where (Fm′−Fs) was defined as the difference between steady state chlorophyll fluorescence (Fs) and maximum fluorescence (Fm′) elicited by a saturating light pulse. The rate of electron transport through photosystem II (total electron flow) was calculated from the product of quantum yield andA (PFD), whereA is the rate of absorbed photons as given by leaf absorptance, and PFD is the photon flux density at the leaf surface. The rate of electron transport dependant on CO₂ uptake (assimilative electron flow) was calculated from the gross photosynthetic rate in a leaf. The difference between the rates of total and assimilative electron transport was denoted as the rate of non-assimilative electron transport which depends on photorespiration and oxygen reduction. Available data provided quantitative information on the rate of non-assimilative electron flow in intact leaves. When leaf photosynthesis ofA. palmatum was measured under sunlight, the rates of total and assimilative electron transport were determined to be approximately 900 and 150 μmol equiv. e/mg Chl·h, respectively. The difference (750 μmol equiv. e/mg Chl·h) was attributed to the activity of non-assimilative electron flow. The ratio of total to assimilative electron flow was found to increase gradually with rising in irradiance. The results suggest that non-assimilative electron flow occurred at much higher rate than assimilative electron flow at high irradiance. Implications of the results are briefly discussed in relation to photosynthesis limitation in tree leaves.     

Effects of pre- and post-planting shading on growth of container Norway spruce seedlings

Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) is shade-tolerant and sensitive to high irradiance, summer frosts and winter desiccation, which can impair its reforestation success. In this study, artificial pre- and post-planting shading was examined to determine their effects on post-planting shoot and root growth as well as the vigor of one- and two-year-old Norway spruce seedlings. Three planting experiments were carried out on open nursery fields (Exp. 1, 2) and on a mounded forest clearcut in central Finland (Exp. 3). Before planting, the seedlings were stored over winter either in a freezer or on open fields under snow cover. For two weeks prior to planting, half of the seedlings were placed in the open and the other half under a horizontal shade netting (light transmittance 56 %) (Exp. 1, 2). All seedlings were planted with or without a vertical post-planting shade, which was located on the southern side. Post-planting shading enhanced shoot growth and reduced damage (better visual vigor and needle color and less pine-weevil damage) on Norway spruce seedlings for at least two years after planting (Exp. 2, 3). Those seedlings, that had been stored over winter in the open and kept in shade prior to planting seemed to benefit most from post-planting shading (Exp. 2). However, post-planting shading may give variable results, depending on the seedling quality and weather conditions after planting, and may even reduce shoot growth if no pre-planting shading is used (Exp. 1). Shoot growth may also be improved at the expense of root growth (Exp. 3). The costs of manufacturing and installing post-planting shades may limit their use in practice, for example, to selected regeneration sites where there is high risk of frost damage but where no alternative silvicultural procedure (shelterwood or nurse crop) has been used.     

Lignin Characterization of Triploid Clones of Populus tomentosa Carr.

In order to understand the structural characteristics of lignin in triploid clones ofPopulus tomentosa and its changes in the processes of pulping and bleaching, milled wood lignin （MWL）, lignin carbohydrate complex （LCC） and the residual lignin from kraft pulp （KP） and sulfite pulp （SP） were isolated and analyzed by Fourier transform infrared （FTIR） spectrum and ^13C nuclear magnetic resonance （NMR）. The most diagnostic peaks were assigned and the differences were discussed. The spectral patterns reveal that triploid P tomentosa shows the specific features of hardwood from temperate areas, but in the spectrum of FTIR, the strength ratio orAl270 cm^-1 to A1226 cm^-1 is 0.88, higher than the average of hardwood from temperate areas, which will make the lignin delignification more difficult during pulping and bleaching. The LCC from triploid P tomentosa is mainly composed of xyloglucan and glucuronic acid, and other glucides have much lower ratio. In LCC FTIR, there are three peaks at 1 427, 1 329 and 1 046 cm^-1, indicating that both semi-cellulose and cellulose could exist in LCC, and that there might be relationships between cellulose and lignin. Compared with the residual lignin from KP and SP, the condensed structure in KP is more than that in SP.     

国产人造板宽带砂光机功率谱密度和试验模态分析

以国产B229型四四砂架人造板双面宽带砂光机为研究对象,从易产生横纹缺陷入手,对其砂架部件、整机等分别采用试验模态分析(EMA)及功率谱密度法(PSD)来开展振动动态特性研究。在模态试验中,采取测量点固定、改变激振点的跑点测量方法,得到固定测量点对各激振点频响函数,并应用SISO频响函数识别法,通过频响函数曲线拟合来完成模态参数识别,获到典型的整机、砂架部件的频响函数图和接触辊的二阶振型图。通过PSD分析,获得砂光机的PSD图谱和激励频率等。     

杠杆压铊张紧系统带锯空转振动特性的分析

本文对杠杆压铊张紧系统带锯产生振动的原因,进行了试验和理论研究。用2034型频谱分析仪试验表明,带锯条振动属于复杂周期信号的离散型频谱,是由多个简谐振动叠加而成;同时理论考察分析表明,带锯条杠杆压铊张紧系统不同于秤量重物的“平衡秤”,不可能达到“静平衡”,而是在锯轮参数激振作用下形成周期性受迫振动。锯轮参数激振和杠杆压铊张紧系统位移激振之间交互作用,是使带锯条产生周期振动并引起张紧力发生变化的重要原因。     

遮荫处理对铁尾矿基质臭柏实生苗快速叶绿素荧光特性的影响

【目的】通过比较分析铁尾矿基质下不同遮荫处理间臭柏实生苗叶片原初光化学反应的差异,揭示臭柏在不同光照条件下的光保护机制,从理论上解释其天然更新过程,为臭柏光胁迫的研究提供理论依据,也为臭柏在铁尾矿废弃地造林提供技术依据。【方法】以唐山迁安铁尾矿为基质,通过盆栽遮荫试验,利用快速叶绿荧光诱导动力学测定与 JIP-test数据分析方法,分别测定0,25%,50%,75%和90%5个遮荫处理下臭柏叶绿素8项荧光参数。【结果】1)全光照条件下Fo 增大,Fm 减小,而叶片光合系统量子产额和能量分配比率(φPo,Ψo和φEo)、单位面积光合机构的比活性参数(Fm,ETo/CSm和 TRo/CSm)和单位面积内反应中心的数量(RC/CSm)均最小,且各个遮荫处理组间差异均达到显著(P＜0.05)或极显著水平(P＜0.01),表明全光照条件下臭柏实生苗反应中心失活,受到光抑制,而全光照下快速叶绿素荧光诱导动力学曲线中 K 点与 J 点明显高于其他遮荫处理,而且光抑制对臭柏叶片PSⅡ的供体侧(OEC)有伤害,造成PSⅡ受体侧(Q －A )的大量积累,阻碍电子传递链向Q －A 下游传递。2)全光照条件下叶片热耗散的量子比率(φDo )和单位面积光合机构的比活性参数( DIo/CSm )均最大,且与其他遮荫处理组间差异也均达到显著(P＜0.05)或极显著水平(P＜0.01),表明全光照条件下臭柏在遭受光抑制后,通过增加天线色素的热耗散,增加非辐射能量耗散等一系列机制来保护光合机构免受过量光能的危害。3)随着遮荫率增加,φPo ,Ψo和φEo,Fm(ABS/CSm),ETo/CSm和TRo/CSm,RC/CSm随之上升,而φDo和Fo(ABS/CSo),DIo/CSm随之下降,90%遮荫处理表现出明显的光捕捉特征,50%遮荫处理 Fm ,PIABS的平均值最大,说明该遮荫条件下臭柏叶片光抑制最小,光合能力最强,其他参数在不同遮荫处理组间无明显差异( P＜0.05)。【结论】臭柏幼苗若无遮荫措施,受到光胁迫,而其通过增加非辐射能量耗散途径达到光抑制防御的机制。因此臭柏天然更新从乌柳灌丛下开始,逐渐脱离乌柳灌丛的保护,完全暴露在全光照条件下,进而实现自身的不断生长、壮大,但在废弃地上植苗造林初期尚需采取一定的遮荫措施,以提高造林成活率。     

荒漠植物白刺对模拟增雨的光合响应机制

【目的】研究不同增雨条件下白刺叶片的光合作用和叶绿素荧光特性,从光合生理角度探讨白刺对增雨的响应机制。【方法】以乌兰布和沙漠东缘地区典型荒漠植物白刺为研究对象,设置不同的增雨梯度(增加年均降水量的0,25%,50%,75%和100%),对自然生长的白刺沙包进行人工模拟增雨,利用 Li－6400xt便携式光合测定系统分析仪(USA,LI-COR)测定不同增雨条件下白刺叶片净光合速率(Pn)日动态变化、光响应曲线、CO2响应曲线以及叶绿素荧光参数,并根据 Pn 日变化曲线和响应曲线计算叶片日光合总量(∑Pn )以及各光合生理参数。【结果】1)75%和100%增雨对日均 Pn 和∑Pn 影响显著,日均 Pn 比 CK分别高32.74%和37.64%,∑Pn 比 CK 分别高32.01%和38.43%,说明增雨使白刺光合能力增强,日光合产物的积累增加。2)增雨使白刺表观量子效率( AQY)和光饱和点( LSP)升高,25%,50%,75%和100%增雨的 AQY 比 CK 分别高17.24%,31.03%,37.93%和24.14%,LSP比 CK分别高14.6%,6.0%,3.0%,26.1%,说明白刺叶片利用弱光的能力增强,对强光的利用范围增加,光能转化效率提高,有利于光合作用的高效进行。3)随着增雨量的增加,羧化效率(CE)呈现出逐渐增加的趋势,其中,100%增雨的 CE比 CK高5.73%;增雨使 CO2饱和点( CSP)升高,50%,75%和100%增雨的 CSP 显著高于 CK,分别比 CK高23.67%,28.35%和29.13%,说明白刺叶片 RuBP羧化酶和光合碳循环酶的活性增强,对高CO2浓度的利用范围增加。4)增雨使白刺叶片的原初光化学量子效率( Fv/Fm )、实际光化学量子效率(ФPSⅡ)、电子传递速率( ETR)和光化学猝灭系数( qP )提高,说明增雨有利于白刺叶片PSⅡ反应中心活性增强、开放比例提高,有利于叶片把所捕获的光能转化为生物化学能,并将更多的光能用于推动光合电子传递。【结论】白刺能够调节光合机构的功能、改变自身生理特性、增强对环境资源的利用能力来适应增雨的变化。     

花生油中黄曲霉毒素B1含量的荧光光谱表征

花生油在生产过程中极易受到黄曲霉毒素B1(Aflatoxin B1, AFB1)的污染。针对AFB1的传统检测方法操作繁琐、时效性差等问题,利用荧光光谱技术快速检测花生油中AFB1含量。首先通过三维荧光光谱确定最佳激发波长,使用K-means和自组织映射(Self organizing map, SOM)聚类算法对花生油中AFB1含量进行超标与否的定性鉴别,准确率均达95%以上;其次使用2种预处理算法和2种降维算法,选出竞争自适应重加权采样(Competitive adaptive reweighted sampling, CARS)为最佳的波长选择方法;随后将回声状态网络(Echo state network, ESN)用于AFB1的定量建模,同时与其他模型作比较,结果显示CARS-ESN模型获得了最佳AFB1含量预测效果;最后将麻雀搜索算法(Sparrow search algorithm, SSA)用于对ESN参数进行寻优,最终预测集决定系数达0.984,均方根误差达2.13μg/kg。结果表明了荧光光谱技术结合ESN预测花生油中AFB1含量的可行性,为在线检测食用油中真菌毒素含...     

双道原子荧光光谱同时测定土壤中砷、汞的方法研究

研究了土壤中总As、总Hg的同时测定方法,并对消化体系进行了筛选,利用正交试验设计法对测试条件进行了优化.建立了用王水消解样品,在10%盐酸溶液中用双道原子荧光光度计同时测定土壤中As、Hg的新方法.方法线性范围宽(As 0～200μg/L;Hg 0～10μg/L);检出限低(As 0.05μg/L;Hg 0.007μg/L);As的回收率为96.0%～101.0%,Hg的回收率为97.0%～103.7%;相对标准偏差(RSD)As为2.7%,Hg为4.5%.该方法准确、简便、快速,结果令人满意.     

42%氟啶草酮复配33%二甲戊灵乳油对棉田杂草的防效、杀草谱及安全性评价

【目的】研究复配33%二甲戊灵乳油(200 mL/667m²)的42%氟啶草酮悬浮剂的最佳剂量,杂草的杀草谱以及对棉花安全评价。【方法】采用田间与室内结合方法,在不同浓度42%氟啶草酮悬浮剂复配33%二甲戊灵乳油(200 mL/667m²)条件下,分析其对棉田杂草防效、杀草谱以及对棉花出苗率、株高、产量等的影响。【结果】42%氟啶草酮悬浮剂对龙葵、反枝苋、灰藜、马齿苋有较高的杀草活性,EC₅₀分别为17.58、17.68、16.87和16.44 mL/667m²。药剂的最佳组合为42%氟啶草酮悬浮剂(35~40 mL/667m²)+33%二甲戊灵乳油(200 mL/667m²);42%氟啶草酮悬浮剂用量高于35 mL/667m²时对阔叶杂草的防效达到90%以上,且要优于禾本科杂草,该组合对苘麻和田旋花的防效低于59%;42%氟啶草酮悬浮剂复配33%二甲戊灵乳油(200 mL/667m²)对棉花的株高、鲜重、果枝数、单铃重、籽棉产量没有影响,出苗率在42%氟啶草酮悬浮剂(40~200) mL/667m²+33%二甲戊灵乳油的药剂下下降到90%以下。【结论】复配药剂的最佳浓度是42%氟啶草酮悬浮剂(35~40 mL/667m²)复配33%二甲戊灵乳油(200 mL/667m²);42%氟啶草酮悬浮剂单剂用量高于35 mL/667m²时对棉田主要阔叶杂草龙葵,反枝苋、灰藜、马齿苋具有良好的防效,有较高的杀草活性,防效达到90%以上;复配药剂中42%氟啶草酮悬浮剂浓度在40 mL/667m²以上时棉花出苗率下降到90%以下,但是对棉花产量,株高、鲜重没有影响。