香蕉枯萎病菌1号和4号生理小种在‘巴西蕉’植株及根际土壤中的时空分布

目的 香蕉Musa spp.是我国重要的经济作物之一,由尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) 引起的香蕉枯萎病蔓延快、根治难,严重阻碍了我国香蕉产业发展。由于Foc菌量和空间分布与其侵染和致病作用直接相关,探索Foc在‘巴西蕉’Musa acuminate L. AAA group, cv. Brazilian植株和土壤中的时空分布具有重要意义。方法 采用伤根接种法对‘巴西蕉’苗分别接种香蕉枯萎病菌1号生理小种(Foc1)和4号生理小种(Foc4),通过实时荧光定量PCR技术检测接种后不同时间、不同香蕉组织及根际土壤中的菌量,分析了香蕉枯萎病菌在植株和土壤中的时空分布。结果 温室中接种Foc后2~21 d内,‘巴西蕉’根部和球茎中Foc1和Foc4菌量随时间延长而逐渐增加,但Foc4菌量始终大于Foc1;在‘巴西蕉’球茎中,Foc1和Foc4分别在接种后21和14 d菌量达到最大。田间接种Foc后30 d,离‘巴西蕉’植株地面半径(r)5 cm、地下深度25~30 cm土壤中的Foc1和Foc4菌量最大;而r为15和30 cm时,地下深度10~15 cm土壤中的Foc菌量大于0~5和25~30 cm的菌量;在相同r和地下深度的‘巴西蕉’根际土壤中,一般Foc4菌量大于Foc1。结论 Foc1和Foc4菌量在‘巴西蕉’植株和根际土壤中具有明显不同的时空分布,同一空间中Foc4菌量大于Foc1菌量,研究结果可为香蕉枯萎病的发生流行、预测预报和防控提供一定的理论指导。     

中国奶牛养殖生产布局时空演变分析

本研究基于2001—2017年中国奶牛存栏量统计数据,运用奶牛养殖布局指数、奶牛养殖重心模型和空间自相关模型分析方法,分析中国奶牛养殖生产布局在时间和空间上的演变过程和特征。结果表明:①东北和内蒙古产区奶牛存栏量呈下降趋势,华北产区保持稳定上升,西部产区缓慢上升,南方产区和大城市周边产区呈下降趋势;内蒙古、新疆和黑龙江稳居奶牛养殖主产区的主导地位,但优势逐渐减弱,以河南为代表的新兴产区奶牛养殖发展迅速。②奶牛养殖重心呈现出先向东南方向移动再向西南方向移动的演变趋势。③省际间奶牛存栏量具有全局空间正相关性且相关性不断增强,并已在黑龙江、山西、贵州、广东、海南、云南、广西、河南、陕西、青海、吉林、辽宁和河南出现局部地理集聚现象。最后,提出促进我国奶业发展的相关建议。     

Contamination history of suspended river sediments accumulated in oxbow lakes over the last 25 years

Background, aims, and scope  Embankment of meandering river systems in many industrial areas results in the formation of artificial oxbow lakes that may act as perennial or intermittent traps for river sediments. Their deposits can be dated using a combination of historical and stratigraphic data, providing a good means to study historical records of contamination transported by rivers. Contamination history over the last few decades is of special significance for Central and Eastern Europe as it can reflect high pollutant levels in the second half of the twentieth century and the subsequent improvement after the fall of the Iron Curtain. The purpose of this study was to investigate recent sediments of an oxbow lake of the Morava River, Czech Republic, their stratigraphic records, sediment architecture, and history of contamination. Materials and methods  Seven ground-penetrating radar (GPR) profiles and three sediment cores up to 4 m deep were studied. The stratigraphy of the cores was inferred from visible-light spectrophotometry, X-ray radiography, grain size analysis, and semiquantitative modal analysis of sandy fractions. The sediments were dated using the ¹³⁷Cs mass activity and combinations of stratigraphic and historical data. The cores were sampled for concentrations of heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants. Wet sampled, lyophilized, and sieved sediments were extracted and analyzed for heavy metals by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) of aqua regia leachate and for persistent organic pollutants by gas chromatography (GC-ECD and GC-MS). Results  Three distinct sedimentary sequences (S1, S2, and S3) were identified. The basal sequence S1 represents river channel sediments deposited before the formation of the oxbow lake, most likely before the 1930s. The boundary between the S1 and S2 sequence correlates with the level of sediment dredging from 1981 evidenced from historical data. The overlying sequences S2 and S3 represent a postdredging sediment wedge, which progrades into the lake. ¹³⁷Cs dating revealed a distinct Chernobyl 1986 peak at ∼150 cm depth inferring sedimentation rates up to 7.7 cm/year. Sediment contamination abruptly increased from the pre-1930s deposits to the post-1981 deposits. The concentration levels increased two to five times for Pb, As, Zn, and Cu, about 10 to 15 times for Cr, Sb, and Hg, up to 34 times for Cd, and 25 to 67 times for DDTs, PCBs, and PAHs. The concentrations of most contaminants remained approximately constant until the late 1980s when they started to decrease slowly. The decreasing trends were most prominent for heavy metals and anthracene, less prominent for DDTs, and almost absent for PCBs and most PAHs. Discussion  Different temporal and spatial patterns for various contaminants make it possible to distinguish between anthropogenic point sources from local industry (anthracene, Cr, Cd), possible diffuse sources (most PAHs), and geological background (V, Co, Ni, and Mo). The observed recent trends in heavy metal and persistent organic pollutant contamination are generally consistent with data from other Central European rivers. The roughly balanced contamination levels in sediments from the lake and the adjacent river channel suggest that the oxbow lake deposits reflect immediate levels of the contamination bound to suspended particulate matter passing through the river. Conclusions  The investigated oxbow lake accumulated suspended sediment from Morava River, developing a thick sedimentary body. The sediments offer a good time framework to study historical contamination of the river on a decade time scale. Continuous contamination trends can be traced back to the early 1980s. The results show that stratigraphic analysis of cores has a good potential for identification of uninterrupted historical trends and unconformities, e.g., due to dredging. Recommendations and perspectives  Oxbow lakes may provide an alternative to floodplains and reservoir deposits when studying river contamination history. High sedimentation rates of up to 7.7 cm/year offer a very good stratigraphic resolution, making it possible to study contamination patterns on annual or even seasonal time scales. On the other hand, oxbow lakes may represent long-term contamination stores, which are unlikely to be redistributed by river erosion and, hence, may possess significant environmental risks for the farther future.     

Temporal stability in soil water content patterns across agricultural fields

When a field or a small watershed is repeatedly surveyed for soil water content, locations can often be identified where soil water contents are either consistently larger or consistently less than the study area average. This phenomenon has been called temporal stability, time stability, temporal persistence, or rank stability in spatial patterns of soil water contents. Temporal stability is of considerable interest in terms of facilitating upscaling of observed soil water contents to obtain average values across the observation area, improving soil water monitoring strategies, and correcting the monitoring results for missing data. The objective of this work was to contribute to the existing knowledge base on temporal stability in soil water patterns using frequent multi-depth measurements with Multisensor Capacitance Probes (MCPs) installed in a coarse-texture soil under multi-year corn production. Water contents at 10, 30, 50, and 80 cm depths were measured every 10 min for 20 months of continuous observation from May 2001 to December 2002. The MCPs revealed temporal stability in soil water content patterns. Temporal stability was found to increase with depth. The statistical hypothesis could not be rejected (P < 0.0001) that data collected each 10 min, each 2 h, each day, and each week had the same temporal stability. The locations that were best for estimating the average water contents were different for different depths. The best three locations for the whole observation period were the same as the best locations for a month of observations in about 60% of the cases. Temporal stability for a specific location and depth could serve as a good predictor of the utility of this location for estimating the area-average soil water content for that depth. Temporal stability could be efficiently used to correct area-average water contents for missing data. Soil water contents can be upscaled and efficiently monitored using the temporal stability of soil water content patterns.     

成都市土地利用时空结构变化研究

随着经济的高速发展,城市化对土地利用结构变化的影响较大,土地利用时空结构变化研究对土地规划及可持续发展具有重要意义。本文对成都市2000—2020年的土地利用数据进行处理,计算土地利用年变化率(R)、土地利用程度综合指数和土地利用变化量(S),得出以下结论:(1)耕地和建设用地变化幅度较大,总体呈增大的趋势;林地和其他土地总体呈减小趋势;水域面积呈现先减少后增加的趋势;(2)2000—2020年以来,土地利用程度综合指数整体呈上升趋势,土地利用日趋集约化,土地利用类型更加单一化;(3)成都市在2000—2005年、2005—2010年和2015—2020年土地处于发展期;而在2010—2015年,土地处于衰退期;并简要分析得到对土地利用结构的主要影响为人口变动、自然因素、产业调整等方面。     

“三大硬阔”叶片气体交换过程的时间动态

水曲柳、胡桃楸和黄波罗是东北东部山区天然次生林的主要组成树种。采用红外气体交换分析仪,分别在叶片生长初期、中期和末期,同步测定了净光合速率（Ａ）、气孔导度（ＧＳ）、蒸腾速率（Ｅ）及其相关的外界环境因子的日变化。三大硬阔的Ａ和Ｅ的日变化格局随树种、生长季节和天气状况而表现为单峰、双峰和多峰曲线等三种类型。水曲柳、胡桃楸和黄波罗单位面积叶片的最大净光合速率（Ａｍａｘ）分别为１５１１、２１５４和２３０３μｍｏｌ·ｍ－２·ｓ－１;但测得的日平均净光合速率峰值（Ａｍｅａｎ）以胡桃楸最大,为１１０７μｍｏｌ·ｍ－２·ｓ－１,水曲柳和黄波罗分别为８５１和８６５μｍｏｌ·ｍ－２·ｓ－１。在所测定的日期中,三大硬阔的光合作用变化主要是由非气孔限制引起的。三个树种的蒸腾速率的差异及其变化均不大,平均Ｅｍｅａｎ为２０ｍｏｌ·ｍ－２·ｓ－１左右。     

陕西省干旱灾害的成因及其时空分布特征

本文剖析了陕西省干旱的成因及其影响因素，阐述了旱灾时时空分布特征。     

农田土壤表层粗糙度信息解析

耕作后农田土壤地貌属于具有趋向性的随机表面.由随机过程角度看,它随时间的变异满足各态遍历性质.揭示它的时空变异特征对于客观评价农田耕作质量、探讨表层土壤水运移规律、优化农田管理具有较高的实用价值.因此,基于各种粗糙指数的信息解析是精细农业技术体系研究热点之一.本文从不同尺度数学模型、时空变异多因素分析、直接与潜在应用价值等方面作了系统性分析.     

莱州湾小拟哲水蚤(Paracalanus parvus)丰度分布周年变动

利用2011年5月?2012年4月(除冰期12月和翌年1?2月外)在渤海莱州湾逐月由底至表垂直拖网(网孔目160 µm)获得的浮游动物样品,开展小拟哲水蚤丰度分布周年季节变动研究。结果显示,小拟哲水蚤季节变化呈单峰型,7?10月份丰度较高,高峰值出现在8月份;水平分布以湾中部偏东侧丰度较集中,其次为湾口站位,湾顶站位为相对低值区。应用Primer 6.0软件中的BIOENV程序分析发现,小拟哲水蚤总丰度的月变化主要受水温影响、特别是1月前的水温,可能还受黄河径流量的间接影响;水平分布则与盐度、水深关系密切。     

近年渤海中部海域活性磷酸盐的时空变化特征

渤海封闭性强,水动力条件和自净能力较弱,其生态系统较为敏感和脆弱。2011年位于渤海中部的蓬莱19-3油田发生重大溢油事故,对渔业生态环境和渔业资源造成了严重影响。为了解和掌握该起溢油污染事故发生后渔业生态环境的变化状况,分别于2012?2014年在渤海中部海域进行了9个航次的生态环境跟踪调查。利用其中部分调查资料,作者对渤海中部活性磷酸盐的时空变化特征及其影响因素进行了分析探讨。结果显示,(1)2012?2014年春季和夏季渤海中部海域活性磷酸盐含量符合第二类海水水质标准要求,秋、冬季部分海域已受到活性磷酸盐的污染。(2)不同季节渤海中部海域活性磷酸盐的平面分布趋势各异,垂直分布也存在季节差异。春季和夏季活性磷酸盐呈现由表层至底层递减的趋势,秋季和冬季接近呈垂直分布均匀状态。(3)渤海中部海域活性磷酸盐平均含量季节变化明显,其含量顺序由高到低依次为冬季、秋季、春季、夏季,冬季明显高于夏季。2014年渤海中部海域活性磷酸盐含量低于2013年,呈逐年降低趋势。(4)渤海中部海域活性磷酸盐时空变化受到诸多因素的影响,营养盐的外源补充、内源再生和生物消耗是影响活性磷酸盐时空变化的最重要因素。