苦荞蔗糖转运体家族FtSUCs的鉴定与生物信息学分析

植物蔗糖转运体家族蛋白( sucrose transporter, SUC)是介导蔗糖跨膜运输的重要载体。本文基于苦荞幼苗发育过程中转录组测序获得的数据库,筛选鉴定到10个FtSUCs基因,序列长度在1 436~7 109 bp,编码氨基酸148~605个,其中8个FtSUCs可能定位于内质网,其序列一致性为34.30%,保守位点达到20个。苦荞FtSUCs与拟南芥AtSUCs基因被聚为3类,FtSUCs中4个归入类型Ⅰ,2个归入类型Ⅱ,4个归入类型Ⅲ。苦荞FtSUCs蛋白主要由α-螺旋、不规则卷曲、延长链与β-折叠组成,其中9个FtSUCs包含跨膜结构域。幼苗发育过程中,FtSUCs基因间表达模式存在差异,其中,FtPinG0002608200.01、FtPinG0001943900.01、FtPinG0001944100.01在子叶期高表达,FtPinG0000342600.01表达量逐渐提高,FtPinG0001943500.01和FtPinG0009584000.01在各时期稳定表达,推测它们可能在不同发育阶段发挥特定功能。苦荞中多个FtSUCs基因存在显著正相关或负相关关系,暗示FtSUCs基因间可能存在协同效应或功能互补,进而共同调控蔗糖的跨膜运输。     

多效唑对荞麦生长、生理及产量影响的研究

以甜荞82-230为材料,研究了不同浓度的多效唑对荞麦生长、生理及产量的影响。结果表明:(1)多效唑有矮化植株的作用,随着浓度的增加,植株矮化、茎秆增粗的效应越明显。(2)多效唑可提高叶绿素含量,延缓叶片衰老过程中SOD活性的下降。(3)200 mg/L多效唑可最大幅度地增加荞麦产量,增产58.9%,主要表现为株粒数和百粒重的增加。     

冀北荞麦品种多年定点高产试验分析

为了探明适应于冀北坝上地区种植荞麦品种的高产性和适应性,以4个苦荞麦和2个甜荞麦品种为试验材料,连续5年进行定点高产试验,研究6个荞麦品种的产量、主要经济性状和区域适应能力。结果表明：参加试验的6个荞麦品种抗逆性均极强,耐旱、耐瘠薄、喜水肥,产量较为稳定;‘美国甜荞麦’是最适宜冀北种植的甜荞品种,产量1078.5 kg/hm²左右,其次为‘日本大粒’970.5 kg/hm²,甜荞麦需辅助授粉提高产量;‘冀苦荞2号’是最适宜冀北种植的苦荞麦品种,产量在2745 kg/hm²左右,其次为‘冀苦荞1号’2442.0 kg/hm²和‘川荞1号’2395.5 kg/hm²;甜荞麦生育期短,是较好的备荒作物,在冀北地区不适宜过早播种;中熟苦荞麦品种在冀北有特殊适应性,‘黑丰1号’因生育期较长,肥力较好的地块易徒长、不结实,种植风险较大。本试验结果得出结论：改进栽培措施可以进一步提高甜荞麦产量,苦荞麦同甜荞麦一样在冀北有更好的适应性。     

基于随机森林的我国荞麦适宜种植区划及评价

本研究共获取196个荞麦分布点记录,采用相关性以及随机森林变量重要性分析,筛选出气候、土壤和地形三种类型15个环境评价因子,结合随机森林模型,预测我国荞麦的潜在种植区域,并划分荞麦适宜种植分布区,同时依据随机森林模型给出的变量重要性,分析影响荞麦生长的主导因子。结果表明,随机森林模型预测的我国荞麦适宜种植分布精度较高,荞麦的种植适宜区分布较广,从东北到南方的广阔地区均有分布,但荞麦高适宜种植区范围较小。气候因子对荞麦生长的影响最大,主导因子为日照时数(SH)、年均温(Bio1)和最热季降水量(Bio18),通过绘制主导因子的响应曲线,进一步明确其对荞麦生长的影响。本研究可为合理规划我国荞麦种植提供数据与参考。     

Chemical,nutritional and technological characteristics of buck wheat and non-prolamine buckwheat flours in comparison of wheat flour

Chemical, nutritional, and technological characteristics of buckwheat and non-prolamine buckwheat flours in comparison to wheat for celiac patients use have been studied. The results suggested the following conclusions: the 56.5% extraction value for flour obtention is considered good; the buckwheat flour presents methionine and cystine as first limiting amino acids followed by threonine as the second limiting amino acid; the buckwheat flour presents higher content of lysine amino acids than the wheat flour; the buckwheat flour is superior to the wheat flour regarding iron, copper, and magnesium minerals; the buckwheat flour does not present haemagglutinin activity and the tannin content is negligible. Rheological assays indicate that the buckwheat flour does not contain gluten.     

苦荞加工利用新技术研究

苦荞是我国西部地区重要的集营养与保健于一体的药食同源的粮食作物。总结了近年来苦荞新型产品的开发现状与新技术的应用,对存在的问题进行了探讨,以期为苦荞资源的合理利用提供参考。     

甜荞愈伤组织的诱导和离体再生体系的建立

以甜荞品种北早生为材料,以无菌苗的子叶和胚轴为外植体,研究荞麦愈伤诱导和分化再生植株的培养条件,建立荞麦组织培养再生体系。结果表明,人工去皮种子培养于1/2MS培养基,25℃恒温光照条件下可以得到大量健壮无菌苗;胚轴在附加2mg/L 2,4-D、1mg/L 6-BA的MS培养基中愈伤组织诱导率为100%,子叶在该培养基上诱导率也在90%以上;子叶来源的愈伤在2mg/L 6-BA、1.5mg/L KT培养基中分化效率为(64.0±6.9)%,胚轴来源的愈伤在2mg/L 6-BA、0.5mg/L KT培养基中的分化效率为(47.5±4.8)%;不定芽接种于0.6mg/L NAA的1/2MS培养基中生根率100%,经炼苗后移栽存活率可达70%以上。     

Effect of additives on flavonoids, d-chiro-Inositol and trypsin inhibitor during the germination of tartary buckwheat seeds

In this study, we evaluated tartary buckwheat during germination to provide an effective process that can lead to a rapid accumulation of both the total flavonoids and d-chiro-Inositol (DCI), as well as the elimination of trypsin inhibitor activity. At different concentrations of Al³⁺, Cu²⁺, and Zn²⁺, we found significant differences of the total flavonoids and DCI accumulation, and we observed changes in phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), chalcone isomerase (CHI), and α-Galactosidase (α-Gal) activities in germinated tartary buckwheat (p < 0.05). Correlation analysis between these enzymes (PAL, CHI and α-Gal) activities and the total flavonoids and DCI contents revealed a significant correlation in germinated tartary buckwheat. The maximum accumulation of the total flavonoids and DCI were 1315.52 mg/100 g DW and 60.46 mg/g DW with the addition of Al³⁺, 1315.41 and 63.59 with the addition of Cu²⁺, and 1189.42 and 53.10 with the addition of Zn²⁺. In these metal-treated samples, both total flavonoids and DCI were significantly higher than in the control (p < 0.05). Moreover, the metallic additives at the optimum concentration had no influence on total protein content, whereas a lower trypsin inhibitor activity was observed in correlation with higher protein digestibility.     

Relationship between stem characteristics and lodging resistance of Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum)

ABSTRACT

Stem lodging can limit the grain yield of Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum), and creates difficulties in harvesting. A 2-year study was conducted to study the relationships between stem characteristics and lodging resistance in Tartary buckwheat. Six Tartary buckwheat cultivars with three stem types (short-stemmed XQ1 and CQ1; mid-length stemmed YQ1 and QK3; and tall-stemmed DAB and DN1) were used. The stem characteristics differed significantly among the three stem types. Mid-length stems had the thickest stem wall, the greatest numbers of large and small vascular bundles, and the lowest stem diameter/stem wall thickness ratio among the three stem types. Mid-length stems had the highest stem breaking strength (SBS) and stem puncture strength (SPS) among the three types of stem. The lignin content was significantly higher in mid-length stems than in tall and short stems. The activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), tyrosine ammonia-lyase (TAL), and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), but not 4-coumarate: CoA ligase (4CL), differed significantly among the three stem types. In correlation analyses, SBS was significantly positively correlated with stem diameter, stem wall thickness, and the number of large and small vascular bundles, but significantly negatively correlated with stem diameter/stem wall thickness and lodging rate. The lignin content was significantly positively correlated with the activities of lignin-related enzymes and with SBS and SPS, and significantly negatively correlated with lodging rate. The present study provides preliminary insights into the relationship between stem traits and lodging resistance in Tartary buckwheat, laying a foundation for a further understanding of lodging resistance.     

东灰山遗址荞麦子粒的发现及年代分析

荞麦是起源于中国青藏高原及周边地区的作物之一,在中华民族的农业发展史和饮食文化史上具有重要地位。迄今为止,甘肃民乐县东灰山遗址是发现的作物种类最多的新石器时代晚期遗址（四坝文化）。整理文献发现,在东灰山遗址除了发现大量炭化小麦子粒外,还发现了大麦、黑麦、谷子和糜子的子粒。采用遗址剖面文化层土壤样本浮选法,获得了一批碳化植物样本。在这些植物样本中,首次发现和鉴定了3粒完整的碳化荞麦子粒。经碳同位素测年鉴定,荞麦子粒距今为3610-3458年。这一发现说明,早在新石器时代荞麦已作为农作物在河西地区种植;同时也为荞麦起源于中国青藏高原地区提供了新的证据。