Effects of microplastic polystyrene, simulated acid rain and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on Trifolium repens growth and soil microbial community composition

Microplastic pollution is a global and ubiquitous environmental problem in the oceans as well as in the terrestrial environment. We examined the fate of microplastic polystyrene (MPS) beads in experimental soil in the presence and absence of symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and simulated acid rain (SAR) to determine whether the combinations of these three factors altered the growth of white clover Trifolium repens. We found that MPS, SAR, or AMF added singly to soil did not alter T. repens growth or yields. In contrast, MPS and AMF together significantly reduced shoot biomass, while SAR and MPS together significantly reduced soil available phosphorus independent of AMF presence. Microplastic polystyrene, AMF, and SAR together significantly reduced soil NO^-₃-N. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi added singly also enriched the beneficial soil bacteria (genus Solirubrobacter), while MPS combined with AMF significantly enriched the potential plant pathogenic fungus Spiromastix. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation with MPS increased the abundance of soil hydrocarbon degraders independent of the presence of SAR. In addition, the abundance of soil nitrate reducers was increased by MPS, especially in the presence of AMF and SAR. Moreover, SAR alone increased the abundance of soil pathogens within the fungal community including antibiotic producers. These findings indicate that the coexistence of MPS, SAR, and AMF may exacerbate the adverse effects of MPS on soil and plant health.     

海南海域海洋红酵母的分离鉴定和应用性能评价

从海南海域的海滩、红树林、渔港码头、产盐滩涂、入海河沟分离海洋红酵母,旨在从中筛选与养殖对象共生的优良菌株。从海南海域分离和纯化海洋红酵母,对海洋红酵母进行形态和生理学及分子生物学的鉴定,大量发酵海洋红酵母,提取分离类胡萝卜素并测定其含量,并将海洋红酵母与鱼虾等养殖对象共培养试验。结果表明,共分离了40多株酵母菌,经形态和生理鉴定以及产类胡萝卜素试验,筛选得到一个高产类胡萝卜素的红酵母属（Rhodotorula）菌株。该菌株在葡萄糖2%、蛋白胨2%、酵母提取物0.3%、核黄素2×10^-6 mol/L、pH 4.5的培养基中,于28℃振荡（180 r/min）培养72 h,其细胞生物产量可达87.55 g/L,类胡萝卜素含量可达520 mg/L;可以在13%高盐和pH 1.0强酸中培养生长;经过与鱼共培养试验,结果显示在合适的菌体浓度条件下,该菌株对鱼无毒害,并与鱼共生。该菌株与鱼共生,显示良好的应用前景,将其应用于盐诱导基因启动子的克隆和盐诱导表达外源基因蛋白（如抗菌肽）的海洋红酵母工程菌的构建,可以更好地应用于水产养殖业。     

Parasitic plant infection is partially controlled through symbiotic pathways

Legumes are unique in interacting with Rhizobium , arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, and parasitic plants. To dissect common parts of these three plant–organism interactions, infection by Orobanche crenata was studied in mutants with altered symbiotic phenotypes of Medicago truncatula and Pisum sativum . Orobanche crenata inoculation of mutant lines carrying defective mutation in the genes dmi2 / sym19 and dmi3 resulted in an increase in O. crenata establishment. Similarly, inoculation of mutants carrying mutation in the gene sunn / sym29 that controls the autoregulation mechanism of the symbiosis, also lead to a significant increase in haustoria formation. Altogether, our results suggest that parasitic plant infection is partly controlled by both the conserved symbiotic pathway that mediates symbiont recognition and establishment and the autoregulation mechanism that regulates the extent of colonisation by Rhizobium and AM fungi.     

竹醋液抑菌活性及对杀菌剂的增效作用

[目的]研究竹醋液抑菌活性及对杀菌剂增效作用,为竹醋液的综合利用及其化学杀菌剂复配提供理论依据。[方法]以苹果炭疽菌、苹果腐烂菌及番茄灰霉菌等3种重要植物病原真菌为供试病原菌,采用菌丝生长速率法,评价了4种竹醋液及多菌灵、异菌脲等6种常用化学杀菌剂的抑菌活性。[结果]培养48h后,咪鲜胺对苹果腐烂菌、苹果炭疽菌和番茄灰霉菌的EC50分别为0.0012、0.0088、0.1266mg/L;戊唑醇对苹果腐烂菌、苹果炭疽菌和番茄灰霉菌的EC50分别为0.0388、0.0725、0.7993mg/L;竹醋1对苹果腐烂菌、苹果炭疽菌和番茄灰霉菌的EC50分别为5199.7932（稀释192.32倍）、5701.2827（稀释175.40倍）、6232.0030mg/L（稀释160.46倍）。咪鲜胺EC50∶竹醋液1EC50=1∶5复配组合共毒系数（CTC）为261.23,戊唑醇EC50∶竹醋液1EC50=1∶5复配组合CTC为249.49。[结论]咪鲜胺、戊唑醇及竹醋液1的抑菌活性较强,竹醋液对咪鲜胺、戊唑醇2种供试杀菌剂具有增效作用。     

基于生态-产业共生关系的林业生态安全测度方法构想

通过对林业生态安全内涵构成的研究和对现有测度方法的比较分析,发现国内外林业生态安全测度研究中存在“就生态论生态”的预警滞后性、评价指标体系及权重设定的主观性、指标体系和特征指数难以优势互补、生态安全性判据缺乏客观依据等问题.为解决这些问题,需要基于生态与产业系统的共生关系研究林业生态安全测度的新方法.首先,研究林业生态安全的压力-状态-影响-响应结构模型和结构方程模型(SEM)的构建方法,从而为评价指标体系的构建和权重的确定提供了理论依据和结构化、定量化方法.然后,通过寻求指标体系和特征指数的有机结合,得出描述林业生态安全演变趋势的性质和程度的特征指数——生态-产业共生度和成熟度.由此提出确定林业生态安全阈值和底线的定量化方法,并建立林业生态安全双特征判断矩阵,从而将林业生态安全度分为3个安全区间、6个安全等级和4个预警级别.最后,综合以上成果,构建了基于生态-产业共生关系的林业生态安全测度方法的整体框架:目标-手段树和技术路线.根据新方法的构建机理,所得出的林业生态安全测度和预警信息具有主观性弱、预测性强、特征指数值的生态经济意义明确、便于追溯问题的原因等技术优势,有利于林业生态安全的监控和管理.     

Improved Nutrient Uptake and Growth of Maize in Response to Inoculation with Thiobacillus and Mycorrhiza on an Alkaline Soil

Most plant nutrients are optimally available when soil pH is close to neutral. In this experiment the effects of Thiobacillus and Mycorrhiza on nutrient uptake and grain yield of maize were studied on an alkaline soil as a factorial experiment with randomized complete blocks design. Treatments consisted of Mycorrhiza fungi (M): inoculated (m₁) and noninoculated (m₀), Thiobacillus (T): inoculated (t₁) and noninoculated (t₀), and sulfur (S) (S₀, S₁: 250, and S₂: 500 kg ha^?1). Inoculation of Mycorrhiza, Thiobacillus, and S application decreased soil pH and increased grain yield and seed oil content. The lowest soil pH and the greatest S content were obtained from the combination of Thiobacillus and 500 kg ha^?1 S. Inoculation of Thiobacillus and S application significantly decreased root colonization. The greatest iron (Fe) content was in the combination of Mycorrhiza inoculation and 500 kg ha^?1 S. Grain P content significantly increased with Mycorrhiza inoculation and S application. The greatest grain yield obtained from combination of Thiobacillus with 500 kg ha^?1 S.     

Cu-tolerant Sinorhizobium meliloti strain is beneficial for growth,Cu accumulation,and mineral uptake of alfalfa plants grown in Cu excess

In this work, we have compared the physiological responses of alfalfa plants inoculated with either Sinorhizobium meliloti strain S412 (Cu-tolerant) or S112 (Cu-sensitive) in the presence or absence of 0.5 mM of CuSO₄. The addition of copper (Cu) introduced a decrease of nodule number and their dry weight (DW) in both symbioses. The interaction established with the Cu-sensitive strain is more affected by Cu than that with the tolerant one. In fact, plants inoculated with the sensitive strain revealed a decrease of shoot and root DW, larger than that found in plants inoculated with the tolerant strain. However, under copper supply, Medicago sativa with the Cu-tolerant strain did not show any significant changes in both shoot and root biomass production. Under Cu excess, high levels of Cu were detected in different parts of the plant in the two symbioses and a high translocation of Cu to aerial parts was shown with the strain S412. Plants with S412 were able to accumulate large quantities of calcium (Ca) in their roots and nodules. While Ca content decreased drastically in shoot at 0.5 mM of Cu treatment. Moreover, nodulation with S412 allowed plants to maintain high levels of magnesium (Mg) in all tissues and high iron (Fe) levels in nodules. Results suggest that this symbiotic pair could be used in phytostabilization of Cu-contaminated soils.     

4种生物质对大豆双共生系统、土壤微生物及产量的调控

通过田间试验研究施入生物质对根瘤菌、丛枝菌根真菌与大豆双共生系统、土壤微生物及大豆产量的影响。生物质设置秸秆、土豆皮、食用菌废弃料、大豆浸出液4个处理。分别在植株生长第4片复叶展开(V5)、结荚始期(R3)和鼓粒盛期(R6)取样测定。研究结果表明: 外施4种生物质对大豆双共生系统均有不同程度促进作用, 且生物质对大豆菌根形成的促进作用较对根瘤形成的促进更显著, 持续时间更长。在4种生物质中, 秸秆处理表现效果最佳, 不仅对大豆双共生系统、土壤细菌、真菌数量有增效作用, 同时对大豆产量有协同促进作用。在R6期大豆有效根瘤数量、丛枝菌根真菌侵染率、土壤细菌数量分别较对照增加238.46%、26.28%、131.99%, 产量较对照增加69.78%, 且秸秆容易获得, 施用方便, 是有效提高大豆产量的生物质。大豆浸出液处理对大豆双共生系统促进显著, 在R6期有效根瘤数量较对照增加89.74%, 同时丛枝菌根真菌侵染率较对照增加31.23%, 但由于此处理播种前采用浸种方式, 对大豆子叶造成较大损伤, 使保苗率严重降低从而导致产量相对较低。食用菌废弃料和土豆皮处理在3个生育时期对大豆双共生系统的作用不尽一致, 但R6期2个处理的丛枝菌根真菌侵染率和土壤中真菌数量都极显著高于对照。     

白三叶草/根瘤菌共生固氮潜力及干旱限制因素

为了探讨白三叶草生物固氮与土壤水分供应和菌种基因型的关系,采用温室盆栽试验方法,对9个基因型的三叶草根瘤菌固氮效率和与土壤含水量的关系进行了研究.结果发现,根瘤菌接种后,白三叶草叶片含氮量明显增加,有3个基因型的根瘤菌接种植株后叶片氮含量达到对照的3倍以上,据此可根据根瘤菌的基因型来预测其同氮效率,共生固氮效率与根瘤菌基因型的关系较与分离宿主的关系更加密切.在中度干旱胁迫下,白三叶草植株地上部生物量积累所受影响较地下部所受影响更大,在白三叶草与根瘤菌共生体系建立过程中,当根瘤菌同定的氮素可以满足植株生长需要时,干旱胁迫可能成为生长的限制因子.